Patterns of Psychotropic Prescribing Practices in Autistic Children and Adolescents: An Australian Perspective of Two Cohorts Five Years Apart.

This study aims to describe the utilisation of psychotropic medications in Australian autistic children and adolescents. All children and adolescents with available Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data who endorsed an autism diagnosis in The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, including both B (n = 233, age 0-1 years in wave 1) and K cohorts (n = 157, age 4-5 years in wave 1), were included to describe psychotropic prescribing patterns. 212 (54.

The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: The objective of this article was to provide an overview of the development and recommendations from the Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The guideline aims to promote accurate and timely identification and diagnosis, and optimal and consistent treatment of ADHD.

Methods: Development integrated the best available evidence with multidisciplinary clinical expertise and the preferences of those with lived experience, underpinned by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.

Is language ability associated with behaviors of concern in autism? A systematic review.

This review systematically synthesized evidence on the association between structural language ability and behaviors of concern (BoC) in autism. Four databases were searched for studies that included >10 autistic participants, measures of structural language (content and/or form of language) and BoC, and an analysis of their association. BoCs included self-injurious behavior (SIB), aggression, tantrums, and externalizing behavior.

Mother and child mental health over time in children with Autism and/or ADHD in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.

This study utilised a longitudinal population-based study to explore mother and child mental health trajectories over time from child age 0 to 14 years, between children with ASD, ADHD, or ASD + ADHD. It explored whether a bidirectional relationship between mother psychological distress and child emotional and behavioural problems (EBPs) existed. The birth cohort from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children was used.

Overall prognosis of preschool autism spectrum disorder diagnoses.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by social communication difficulties, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. The clinical pathway for children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is varied, and current research suggests some children may not continue to meet diagnostic criteria over time.

Objectives: The primary objective of this review was to synthesise the available evidence on the proportion of preschool children who have a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder at baseline (diagnosed before six years of age) who continue to meet diagnostic criteria at follow-up one or more years later (up to 19 years of age).

Memantine for autism spectrum disorder.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD; also known as autism) is a developmental disability that begins in childhood and is typically seen in around 1% to 2% of children. It is characterised by social communication difficulties and repetitive and restricted behaviours and routines that can have a negative impact on a child's quality of life, achievement at school, and social interactions with others. It has been hypothesised that memantine, which is traditionally used to treat dementia, may be effective in reducing the core symptoms of autism as well as some co-occurring symptoms such as hyperactivity and language difficulties.

Coaching While Waiting for Autism Spectrum Disorder Assessment: A Pilot Feasibility Study for a Randomized Controlled Trial on Occupational Performance Coaching and Service Navigation.

Aim: To determine whether short-phase Occupational Performance Coaching combined with service navigation support is feasible for families waiting for autism assessment.

Method: A pilot feasibility study was conducted using a blinded randomization procedure that allocated participants to one of three trial arms: (1) face-to-face coaching, (2) videoconference coaching, and (3) usual care. Outcomes included a retention aim of 70-80%, goal attainment and secondary standardised measures of adaptive behaviour, social skills, parenting stress, service access and family quality of life.

Adolescent maladaptive schemas and childhood abuse and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to review evidence on the associations between childhood emotional, physical and sexual abuse; neglect and bullying and early maladaptive schemas, as measured in adolescence. PubMed, PsycInfo and CINAHL were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies reporting original quantitative data on the association between early maladaptive schemas or schema domains (e.g.

Overlap of autism spectrum disorder and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and borderline personality Disorder (BPD) share features, including social and emotion regulation difficulties. The evidence for the overlap in prevalence and clinical characteristics was systematically reviewed. Ovid Medline, PsycInfo, and PubMed were searched until November 30, 2020 using keywords relating to BPD and ASD.

The clinical profile of patients attending a large, Australian pediatric gender service: A 10-year review.

To better understand the clinical profile of patients attending a large Australian pediatric gender service. Retrospective clinical audit of patients seen at the Royal Children's Hospital Gender Service (RCHGS) over 10 years (2007-16). The RCHGS: Australia's largest pediatric gender service.

Gender Variance in Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Conditions from Australia.

Gender variance is a broad term used to describe gender non-conforming behaviors. Past studies have used the parental response to Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Item 110, which asks whether a child "Wishes to be of opposite sex" as an indicator of gender variance. The population prevalence of gender variance in children and adolescents using this metric was found to be 1.

Early maladaptive schemas and intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Young's early maladaptive schemas represent a possible pathway between childhood adversity and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). The aim of this review was to synthesize the evidence on early maladaptive schemas and IPV. PubMed, PsycInfo, and CINAHL databases were searched, in compliance with PRISMA, to identify peer reviewed studies that reported on the relationship between schema or schema domain scores and IPV victimization or perpetration.

Parent-reported Autism Diagnostic Stability and Trajectories in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.

This study aimed to explore the stability of parent-reported diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and factors influencing the trajectories in two cohorts from the prospective Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Parent-reported ASD diagnosis was collected for children from 6 years of age in a Birth cohort and 10 years of age in a Kinder cohort; allowing for exploration of diagnostic stability at age 6, 8, 10, and 12 years (Birth cohort) and 10, 12, 14, 16 years (Kinder cohort). Children were grouped based on persisting, desisting, inconsistent and late (diagnosis after 6 years-Birth cohort; after 10 years-Kinder) subgroups over four timepoints.

Coaching While Waiting for Autism Spectrum Disorder Assessment: Protocol of a Pilot Feasibility Study for a Randomized Controlled Trial on Occupational Performance Coaching and Service Navigation Support.

Background: In Australia, the average time between a first concern of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and diagnosis is over 2 years. After referral for assessment, families often wait 6-12 months before their appointment. This can be a time of uncertainty and stress for families.

The impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on irritability occurring with acute major depressive disorder (MDD).

Objective: To examine the impact (if any) of a course of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on irritability occurring in association with acute major depressive disorder (MDD).

Method: In a naturalistic study, patients with MDD according to criteria were given 20 daily TMS treatments. A visual analogue scale for irritability (VAS-I) was developed.

The impact of 'cluster maintenance TMS' on irritability occurring in major depressive disorder.

Objective: To determine the impact of clustered maintenance transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on irritability occurring in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD).

Method: A naturalistic study of 106 courses that includes pre- and posttreatment assessments of subjective and objective depression and a subjective measure of irritability developed for this study.

Results: Forty-six participants (35 females), mean age 43.

Anxiety in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.

Aims: To describe the prevalence of, and factors associated with, anxiety in 6-18-year-old children with cerebral palsy (CP) and determine how often clinicians screen for and manage anxiety in this group.

Methods: Using a population CP register as the sampling pool, 569 families were approached by email, and 172 (mean age of children 12 years 7 months [SD 3 years 5 months]; 96 males) participated. Parents and, where able, children completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED).

Barriers and facilitators of sport and physical activity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adolescents: a mixed studies systematic review.

Background: Participation in sport and physical activity could minimise the inflated risk of poor physical health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adolescents. This review aimed to synthesise existing quantitative and qualitative literature regarding barriers and facilitators to physical activity and sports participation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

Methods: Literature was systematically searched to include studies reporting barriers or facilitators to physical activity and/or sports participation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 0-18 years.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence in Children Aged 12-13 Years From the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.

This study aimed to provide an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence update from parent and teacher report using the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). The LSAC is a prospective cohort study of Australian children representative of the population with two cohorts: Kinder (birth year 1999/2000) and Birth cohort (birth year 2003/2004). Children in the Birth and Kinder cohort with parent- and teacher-reported ASD prevalence were compared to children without ASD.

A Pilot Acceptability Study of an 'AllPlay Pre-Learn' Day Program to Facilitate Participation in Organised Physical Activity for Children with Disabilities.

In a mixed-methods design, the current study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a junior Australian rules football program across two 'AllPlay Pre-Learn' days for children aged 5-11 years with disabilities, based on parent and child responses. Three online surveys were created by health professionals based on existing participation models. Surveys were completed by parents immediately before ( = 23), after the 'Pre-Learn' days ( = 15) and following the conclusion of the community version of the program ( = 13).

Problem Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Considering Core Symptom Severity and Accompanying Sleep Disturbance.

In addition to the core symptoms that define autism spectrum disorder (ASD), many individuals experience broader problem behavior at a level significant enough for families to seek further clinical assessment and intervention. We define "problem behavior" as any significant emotional or behavioral issue captured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) including anxiety, depression, withdrawal, somatic complaints, problems with socialization, thought or attention, rule-breaking, and aggression. While greater ASD symptom severity and accompanying sleep disturbance have each been linked with more severe problem behavior, there is little understanding about how these two key factors interact; that is, it is unclear whether the severity and type of sleep disturbance an individual experiences differentially influences the relationship between ASD symptom severity and problem behavior.

Second Courses of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in Major Depressive Episodes for Initial Responders and Non-Responders.

Background: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is effective in major depressive episodes (MDE). However, MDE may follow a chronic, relapsing course, and some individuals may not satisfactorily respond to a first course of TMS.

Objective: To investigate the outcome of second courses of TMS.

Sex differences in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose Of Review: There continues to be more males than females diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders, which may provide clues about their cause. This review will focus on the two most common neurodevelopmental disorders - autism spectrum disorder (autism) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and explore recent research to understand recent developments in the field.

Recent Findings: Biological mechanisms including genetics, hormones and their interaction with other risk factors, such as stress and lead exposure, point to complex causal pathways for neurodevelopmental disorders.