Examining the Role of Sleep in Body Weight Regulation and Implications for Obesity Treatment: A Narrative Review.

Despite significant public health efforts to counter the obesity epidemic, approximately 50% of US adults will have obesity by 2030. The cornerstone of obesity treatment is a behavioral intervention promoting negative energy balance via a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Behavioral treatment also requires additional support to promote adherence to these recommended lifestyle changes.

Using Time-Weighted Averages of Total Daily Energy Expenditure to Estimate Energy Intake During a Weight Loss Intervention.

Objective: The doubly labeled water (DLW) intake-balance method estimates energy intake (EI) during weight loss using the time-weighted average of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and changes in body energy stores. Because TDEE declines rapidly during the early phase of weight loss, an early additional measurement is recommended. This study aimed to develop regression models that estimate time-weighted TDEE using fewer interim measurements and determine if EI accuracy is maintained during a 12-month weight loss intervention.

Effects of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Hormones: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.

Background/objectives: Daily caloric restriction (DCR) is a common dietary weight loss strategy, but leads to metabolic and behavioral adaptations, including maladaptive eating behaviors and dysregulated appetite. Intermittent fasting (IMF) may mitigate these effects by offering diet flexibility during energy restriction. This secondary analysis compared changes in eating behaviors and appetite-related hormones between 4:3 intermittent fasting (4:3 IMF) and DCR and examined their association with weight loss over 12 months.

Exploring Strategies to Promote Exercise as a Viable Obesity and Chronic Disease Treatment.

Obesity and its related comorbidities continue to be a primary public health concern, especially in the United States (US). Such comorbidities include the top two causes of death in the US: cardiovascular disease and cancer. Obesity is also associated with several other chronic conditions that affect millions of adults and children, including diabetes, kidney, and liver disease.

Effect of physical activity on changes in weight and aerobic capacity during an 18-month behavioral weight loss intervention.

Background: The objective of this secondary analysis was to examine the effect of MVPA and the time of day that MVPA (i.e., morning vs.

Advancing Chrononutrition for Cardiometabolic Health: A 2023 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Report.

The circadian system maintains optimal biological functions at the appropriate time of day, and the disruption of this organization can contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders. The timing of eating is a prominent external time cue that influences the circadian system. "Chrononutrition" is an emerging dimension of nutrition and active area of research that examines how timing-related aspects of eating and nutrition impact circadian rhythms, biological processes, and disease pathogenesis.

Circadian Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Humans: Is There Evidence of an Optimal Time Window for Maximizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise?

Exercise training performed at the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation improves cardiovascular function and metabolic health while simultaneously reducing visceral adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, it is currently considered an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders. Over the last 5 years, several studies have reported a diurnal variation in both resting fat oxidation as well as maximal fat oxidation recorded during submaximal intensity exercise.

Walking economy and exercise efficiency in successful weight loss maintainers.

Purpose: Following short-term weight loss, the energetic cost of transport decreases and exercise efficiency increases. Whether changes persist during long-term weight maintenance is unknown.

Methods: We compared walking economy and exercise efficiency in weight loss maintainers (WLM, maintaining ≥13.

Improving quality control procedures for the measurement of total daily energy expenditure using the two-point doubly labeled water method.

Rationale: The precision of the doubly labeled water (DLW) method is determined by the precision and accuracy of the isotopic measurements. Quality control (QC) procedures to mitigate sample variability require additional measurements if sample duplicates differ more than a factor of instrument precision. We explored the effect of widening QC ranges on total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) determined using the two-point sampling method.

Convergent validity of time in bed estimates from activPAL and Actiwatch in free-living youth and adults.

Actiwatch devices are often used to estimate time in bed (TIB), but recently became commercially unavailable. Thigh-worn activPAL devices could be a viable alternative. We tested convergent validity between activPAL (CREA algorithm) and Actiwatch devices.

Long-term function, body composition and cardiometabolic health in midlife former athletes: a scoping review.

While sports medicine has traditionally focused on recovering from injury and returning athletes to sport safely after injury, there is a growing interest in the long-term health of athletes. The purpose of this scoping review was to (1) summarise the literature (methodologies and findings) on physical function, body composition and cardiometabolic health in midlife (age 40-65 years) former competitive athletes compared with non-athlete controls, (2) identify areas for future study in long-term health in athletes and (3) determine outcomes that could be evaluated in a future systematic review(s). We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus for studies published between 2000 and 2022 evaluating former athletes and controls on physical function, body composition and/or cardiometabolic measures using MeSH terms.

Accumulated physical activity and the association with obesity, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy adults.

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of ≥150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using different criteria for bout length and to examine associations with measures of obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy adults with overweight or obesity.

Methods: Baseline data from healthy adults (N = 375; age [mean ± SD] = 45.2 ± 7.

Altered motivation states for physical activity and 'appetite' for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss.

Weight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE), in the absence of any compensatory increase in energy intake, should result in an energy deficit leading to reductions of body mass. However, the expected negative energy balance is met with both volitional and non-volitional (metabolic and behavioral) compensatory responses.

Creating an algorithm to identify indices of sleep quantity and quality from a wearable armband in adults.

Objective: To develop an algorithm to quantify indices of sleep quantity and quality using the SenseWear armband (SWA) and to compare indices of sleep from this novel algorithm to standard wrist actigraphy (Actiwatch 2; AW2) under free-living conditions.

Material And Methods: Thirty participants (47±10 years; 33.0±4.

Comparison of weight loss induced by daily caloric restriction versus intermittent fasting (DRIFT) in individuals with obesity: study protocol for a 52-week randomized clinical trial.

Background: The standard of care for treating overweight and obesity is daily caloric restriction (DCR). While this approach produces modest weight loss, adherence to DCR declines over time and weight regain is common. Intermittent fasting (IMF) is an alternative dietary strategy for reducing energy intake (EI) that involves >60% energy restriction on 2-3 days per week, or on alternate days, with habitual intake on fed days.

Effect of sleep on weight loss and adherence to diet and physical activity recommendations during an 18-month behavioral weight loss intervention.

Background/objectives: To examine the association between indices of sleep quantity and quality with dietary adherence, physical activity adherence, and weight loss during a behavioral weight loss intervention.

Methods: Adults (n = 156) with overweight and obesity (40 ± 9 years, 84% female, BMI: 34.4 ± 4.

Effect of Morning and Evening Exercise on Energy Balance: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25-40 kg/m) to morning (06:00-10:00) or evening (15:00-19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, = 18) or evening (PM, = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750-2000 kcal/week.

Predictors of long-term weight loss trajectories during a behavioral weight loss intervention: An exploratory analysis.

Background: Substantial interindividual variability in response to behavioral weight loss interventions remains a critical challenge in obesity treatment. An improved understanding of the complex factors that contribute to this variability may improve obesity treatment outcomes.

Objective: To identify weight change trajectories during a behavioral weight loss intervention and to explore differences between trajectory groups in sociodemographic, biologic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors.

Physical Activity and Total Daily Energy Expenditure in Older US Adults: Constrained versus Additive Models.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the shape of the relationship between physical activity (PA) and total energy expenditure (TEE) and to explore the role of energy balance status (negative, stable, positive) in influencing this association.

Methods: Cross-sectional. Participants were 584 older adults (50-74 yr) participating in the Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP study.

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on lifestyle behaviors in U.S. college students.

Objective: To investigate COVID-19's impact on college student health behaviors.

Participants: 189 college students.

Methods: Participants completed an online survey on behaviors relating to sleep, sedentary activities, and physical activity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Temporal patterns of physical activity in successful weight loss maintainers.

Background/objectives: Individuals successful at weight loss maintenance engage in high amounts of physical activity (PA). Understanding how and when weight loss maintainers accumulate PA within a day and across the week may inform PA promotion strategies and recommendations for weight management.

Methods: We compared patterns of PA in a cohort of weight loss maintainers (WLM, n = 28, maintaining ≥13.

Examining the Role of Exercise Timing in Weight Management: A Review.

Many adults cite exercise as a primary strategy for losing weight, yet exercise alone is modestly effective for weight loss and results in variable weight loss responses. It is possible that some of the variability in weight loss may be explained by the time of day that exercise is performed. Few studies have directly compared the effects of exercise performed at different times of the day (i.

A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies.

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living subjects. Several equations are used to convert isotopic data into TEE. Using the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database (5,756 measurements of adults and children), we show considerable variability is introduced by different equations.