Advancing Precision Livestock Farming: Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Livestock Management.

Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) has evolved dramatically from basic monitoring systems to sophisticated artificial intelligence(AI)-driven decision support systems that enhance livestock management efficiency, sustainability, and animal welfare. This review examines the technological evolution of PLF since 2017, highlighting significant advancements in sensing technologies, computer vision, and artificial intelligence. Non-invasive technologies, including RGB-D cameras, 3D imaging systems, and IoT-enabled platforms, now capture detailed biometric and behavioral data in real time, while AI algorithms enable early disease detection, optimize feeding strategies, and improve reproductive management.

Development of Machine Learning-Based Sub-Models for Predicting Net Protein Requirements in Lactating Dairy Cows.

A reliable estimation of protein requirements in lactating dairy cows is necessary for formulating nutritionally adequate diets, improving feed efficiency, and minimizing nitrogen excretion. This study aimed to develop machine learning-based models to predict net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm) and lactation (NPl) using random forest regression (RFR) and support vector regression (SVR). A total of 1779 observations were assembled from 436 peer-reviewed publications and open-access databases.

Multi-Stage Data Processing for Enhancing Korean Cattle (Hanwoo) Weight Estimations by Automated Weighing Systems.

Weight is the most basic and important indicator in cattle management, and automation of its measurement serves as a fundamental step toward modern smart livestock farming. Automated weighing systems (AWS) capable of continuously measuring cattle weight, even during movement, have been explored as key monitoring components in smart livestock farming. However, owing to the high measurement variability caused by environmental factors, the accuracy of AWSs has been questioned.

Current understanding of the / complex and its bacteriophages in ruminants: a review.

/ complex (SBSEC) comprises eight (sub)species, with several opportunistic pathogenic members. These SBSEC species are associated with metabolic disorders in ruminants, resulting in economic losses to the global livestock industry. Moreover, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in SBSEC strains, particularly against commonly used antibiotics, poses serious concerns to the livestock industry.

Effects of dietary crude protein levels on growth performance, rumen characteristics, blood metabolites, and methane emissions in finishing Hanwoo steers.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on growth performance, rumen characteristics, blood metabolites, and methane (CH4) emissions in finishing Hanwoo steers.

Methods: Twenty-four 26-month-old Hanwoo steers (717±50.1 kg) were utilized in a 12-week study based on a completely randomized block design.

Development of Machine Learning Models for Estimating Metabolizable Protein Supply from Feed in Lactating Dairy Cows.

Accurate prediction of protein utilization in dairy cows is essential for optimizing nutrition and milk yield to achieve sustainable cattle production. This study aimed to develop novel machine learning models to predict rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) and duodenal microbial nitrogen (MicN) based on dietary protein intake. A dataset comprising 1779 observations from 436 scientific publications was used to train support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR) models.

Enhancing Feed Efficiency and Growth in Early-Fattening Hanwoo Steers Through High-Energy Concentrate Feeding.

Adequate but not excessive dietary energy supply is crucial for growth and productivity in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three incremental changes in metabolizable energy (ME) levels in concentrate mixes, i.e.

Effect of the Meal Interval Setting of an Automated Concentrate Feeding System on Feed Intake and Feeding Behavior in Fattening Hanwoo Steers.

An automatic concentrate feeding system (ACFS) divides the day into several intervals, allowing cattle to consume a predetermined amount of concentrate mix per interval. This study investigated the impact of changing these intervals (four vs. six) in an ACFS on its precision in monitoring the feed intake and feeding behavior of fattening Hanwoo steers.

Influence of cellulose nanofiber fluid on flow instability and heat transfer of two-phase closed thermosyphon.

In this research, the geyser phenomenon occurring in a small-diameter two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) was observed and the instability of the device was discussed. Geyser phenomena interfere with the natural circulation of internal working fluids, increasing the thermal resistance of the system and contributing to the instability of the device. This study attempts to improve the thermal performance and stability of the system using cellulose nanofiber (CNF) fluid as the working fluid.

Characterization of two lytic bacteriophages, infecting Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex (SBSEC) from Korean ruminant.

Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex (SBSEC) is one of the most important lactic acid-producing rumen bacteria causing subacute ruminal acidosis. Despite the significance of the ruminal bacteria, lytic bacteriophages (phages) capable of infecting SBSEC in the rumen have been rarely characterized. Hence, we describe the biological and genomic characteristics of two lytic phages (designated as vB_SbRt-pBovineB21 and vB_SbRt-pBovineS21) infecting various SBSEC species, including the newly reported S.

Streptococcus ruminicola sp. nov., new species of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) isolated from the rumen of Korean domestic ruminants.

A total of three Gram-positive, and oxidase and catalase-negative facultative anaerobic non-motile bacteria were isolated from the rumen fluid of cows and goats and these strains were designated CNU_G2, CNU_77-61, and CNU_G3. They grew at 20-45 °C, pH 6.5-7, and 0-6.

Application of a hand-held laser methane detector for measuring enteric methane emissions from cattle in intensive farming.

The hand-held laser methane detector (LMD) technique has been suggested as an alternative method for measuring methane (CH4) emissions from enteric fermentation of ruminants in the field. This study aimed to establish a standard procedure for using LMD to assess CH4 production in cattle and evaluate the efficacy of the protocol to detect differences in CH4 emissions from cattle fed with diets of different forage-to-concentrate (FC) ratios. Experiment 1 was conducted with four Hanwoo steers (584 ± 57.

Identification of candidate proteins regulated by long-term caloric restriction and feed efficiency in muscle in Korean native steer.

We aimed to investigate candidate proteins related to long-term caloric restriction and feed efficiency in bovine longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). A total of 31 Korean native steers were randomly distributed to (n = 16) or caloric restriction group (n = 15) to conduct two feeding trials for 13 mon. In the first trial (10-18 mon of age), steers were fed with 100% (NE = 0.

High-level dietary crude protein decreased backfat thickness and increased carcass yield score in finishing Hanwoo beef cattle ().

Recently, a high level of dietary crude protein (CP) has become of interest as a possible practice to improve the carcass quality of beef cattle, and its level has been increasing in the field. However, there is little scientific evidence that supports this. This study was conducted to test whether a high dietary CP level would improve growth performance, body metabolism, and carcass traits in Hanwoo beef cattle.

Effect of flaking on the digestibility of corn in ruminants.

In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of flaking on the nutrient digestibility of corn grain in ruminants. In this regard, rumen fermentation, rumen degradability, and metabolic experiments were performed. The automated gas production technique was used for the fermentation experiments.

Wearable Wireless Biosensor Technology for Monitoring Cattle: A Review.

The review aimed to collect information about the wearable wireless sensor system (WWSS) for cattle and to conduct a systematic literature review on the accuracy of predicting the physiological parameters of these systems. The WWSS was categorized as an ear tag, halter, neck collar, rumen bolus, leg tag, tail-mounted, and vaginal mounted types. Information was collected from a web-based search on Google, then manually curated.

Development of a model to predict dietary metabolizable energy from digestible energy in beef cattle.

Understanding the utilization of feed energy is essential for precision feeding in beef cattle production. We aimed to assess whether predicting the metabolizable energy (ME) to digestible energy (DE) ratio (MDR), rather than a prediction of ME with DE, is feasible and to develop a model equation to predict MDR in beef cattle. We constructed a literature database based on published data.

Effects of β-Mannanase and Bacteriophage Supplementation on Health and Growth Performance of Holstein Calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with bacteriophage and β-mannanase on health and growth performance in calves. Thirty-six pre-weaning male Holstein calves were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: no supplementation, 0.1% β-mannanase, 0.

Multi-tissue transcriptomic analysis reveals that L-methionine supplementation maintains the physiological homeostasis of broiler chickens than D-methionine under acute heat stress.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with two methionine isoforms, L-methionine (L-Met) or D-methionine (D-Met), on transcriptome expression in broiler chickens under acute heat stress. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: thermo-neutral vs. acute heat-stress and L-Met vs.

Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms related to heifer fertility in Hanwoo (Korean cattle).

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have accelerated the identification of functional trait loci in cattle and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes associated with fertility and production traits in high milk yield dairy cattle. The fertility of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) has declined after the adaptation of a selection program for high quantity and quality meat. However, there are few GWAS studies of fertility in beef cattle.