Contribution and Compensation Effects of Refracting Components to Ocular Aberrations in Keratoconus.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the (i) contributions of refracting components to ocular aberrations and (ii) compensation effects exhibited by these components in keratoconus.

Methods: Right eyes of 14 keratoconus and 20 control participants were analyzed using 5 mm pupils. Ocular aberrations were measured with a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer.

Relative Role of ON/OFF Pathways in Resolving and Adapting to Blur in Myopes and Emmetropes.

Purpose: To investigate the contribution of ON/OFF pathways to resolution in the presence of blur and adaptation of the human eye to blur.

Methods: Twenty-three healthy young adults (24 ± 4 years) participated, including 11 myopes and 12 emmetropes exhibiting mean spherical equivalent refractive errors of -1.5 ± 0.

Expanded T cell clones with lymphoma driver somatic mutations accumulate in refractory celiac disease.

Intestinal inflammation continues in a subset of patients with celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet. Here, by applying multi-omic single-cell analysis to duodenal biopsies, we found that low-grade malignancies with lymphoma driver mutations in patients with refractory celiac disease type 2 (RCD2) are comprised by surface CD3-negative (sCD3) lymphocytes stalled at an innate lymphoid cell (ILC)-progenitor T cell stage undergoing extensive , , and TCR recombination. In people with refractory celiac disease type 1 (RCD1), a disease currently lacking explanation, we identified sCD3 T cells with lymphoma driver mutations in 6 of 10 individuals with RCD1 and in one of the patients with active, recently diagnosed celiac disease.

Targeting inflammation with chimeric antigen receptor macrophages using a signal switch.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy has shown great success in clinical cancer, bringing hope to apply CAR strategies to other clinical settings. Here we developed a CAR macrophage (CAR-M) that recognizes the major inflammatory molecule tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and activates an intracellular IL-4 signalling pathway, thereby programming engineered macrophages for an anti-inflammatory function. CAR-M therapy has exhibited efficacy in mouse models of both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Anterior segment applications of optical coherence elastography in ophthalmic and vision science: a systematic review of intrinsic measurement techniques and clinical relevance.

Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is a non-invasive imaging technique that measures the biomechanical properties of materials and tissues. This systematic review focuses on the applications of OCE in the anterior segment of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and crystalline lens, and its clinical relevance in diagnosing and managing ocular diseases. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA framework to identify studies published between 2014 and 2024.

The impact of toric contact lens correction upon functional near visual performance with digital devices.

Purpose: Although it is well known that astigmatism correction with toric contact lenses improves clinical vision measures, their effects on real-world visual performance using digital devices such as smartphones are less well understood. This study aimed to examine how toric soft contact lenses impact functional near visual performance with a smartphone, in comparison to spherical equivalent contact lenses.

Methods: Fifteen healthy young adults (mean age 23.

Immo-bile-izing CD8 T cell anti-tumor immunity.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is poorly responsive to immune checkpoint blockade. In a recent issue of Science, Varanasi et al. reveal how bile acids dampen anti-tumor CD8 T cell responses in the liver, contributing to cancer progression and poor immunotherapy outcomes.

Differences in Phage Recognition and Immunogenicity Contribute to Divergent Human Immune Responses to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Phages.

Bacteriophages (phages) are emerging as a viable adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. While intravenous phage therapy has proven successful in many cases, clinical outcomes remain uncertain due to a limited understanding of host response to phages. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the interaction between clinical-grade phages used to treat MDR Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, and human peripheral blood immune cells.

Effect of 0.025% atropine on ocular biometry changes during accommodation.

Purpose: Low concentration atropine is an effective treatment to slow myopia progression and axial elongation and also reduces accommodation. On-axis ocular dimensions of the eye change during accommodation; hence, this study aimed to quantify the effect of 0.025% atropine eye drops on accommodation-induced changes in ocular biometry.

The effect of near work on the anterior eye and associations with myopia: a narrative review.

The global prevalence of myopia has increased significantly in recent decades, and it is anticipated that half the population of the world will be myopic by 2050. The dramatic increase in myopia cannot be explained solely by genetic factors; hence, environmental factors such as near work may play an important role in myopia development. Near work activities involve accommodation, convergence, and pupil constriction, which lead to various mechanical changes that alter the structural and optical properties of the anterior eye.

Blue light stimulation of the blind spot in human: from melanopsin to clinically relevant biomarkers of myopia.

The protective effects of time spent outdoors emphasize the major role of daylight in myopia. Based on the pathophysiology of myopia, the impact of blue light stimulation on the signaling cascade, from melanopsin at the blind spot to clinically relevant biomarkers for myopia, was investigated. Parameters and site of light stimulation are mainly defined by the photopigment melanopsin, that is sensitive to blue light with a peak wavelength of 480 nm and localized on the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) whose axons converge to the optic disc, corresponding to the physiological blind spot.

Longitudinal Changes in Choroidal Vascularity in Myopic and Non-Myopic Children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in choroidal vascular characteristics in childhood, and their relationship with eye growth and refractive error.

Methods: Analysis of high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans, collected over an 18-month period as part of the Role of Outdoor Activity in Myopia (ROAM) study, was conducted in 101 children (41 myopic, 60 non-myopic, age 10-15 years). OCT images were automatically analyzed and binarized using a deep learning software tool.

Choroidal Changes During and After Discontinuing Long-Term 0.01% Atropine Treatment for Myopia Control.

Purpose: Few studies have explored choroidal changes after cessation of myopia control. This study evaluated the choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) during and after discontinuing long-term low-concentration atropine eye drops use for myopia control.

Methods: Children with progressive myopia (6-16 years; n = 153) were randomized to receive 0.

Repeatability of retinal and choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography indices in healthy children and young adults.

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of retinal and choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) indices among healthy children and compare it to healthy young adults.

Methods: This prospective study captured 3 mm × 3 mm and 6 mm × 6 mm macular OCT-A scans including superficial and deep retinal layers, choriocapillaris and deep choroid over two visits, 1 week apart at approximately the same time of day, for 22 healthy adults (18-30 years) and 21 children (6-15 years). Magnification and projection-artefact corrected indices extracted using a custom image analysis program and individual biometry were compared between visits using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation (ICC).

Increase in choroidal thickness after blue light stimulation of the blind spot in young adults.

Background: Blue light activates melanopsin, a photopigment that is expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The axons of ipRGCs converge on the optic disc, which corresponds to the physiological blind spot in the visual field. Thus, a blue light stimulus aligned with the blind spot captures the ipRGCs axons at the optic disc.

Objective Measures of Gaze Behaviors and the Visual Environment during Near-Work Tasks in Young Adult Myopes and Emmetropes.

Purpose: To objectively quantify near-work gaze behaviors and the visual environment during reading tasks performed on a smartphone and on paper in both indoor and outdoor environments in myopes and emmetropes.

Methods: A novel wearable gaze and viewing distance tracking device was used to quantify near-work gaze behaviors (focusing demand) and the visual environment (20° peripheral scene relative defocus) during a series of reading tasks. Data from nine myopes (mean age, 21 ± 1.

Changes in retinal and choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography indices among young adults and children over 1 year.

Clinical Relevance: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) indices are likely to change across time and optometrists should be aware of the variability expected during childhood development and in healthy adults.

Background: Cross-sectional studies have shown that OCT-A indices are associated with age in adults and children. The aim of this study is to investigate longitudinal changes in retinal and choroidal OCT-A indices over 1 year among healthy children and young adults.

Hyperopia in schoolchildren: Investigating the impact on vision and determining appropriate methods for screening.

Introduction: Hyperopia is associated with reduced vision and educational outcomes in schoolchildren. This study explored the impact of clinically significant hyperopia (≥+2.00 D) on visual function in schoolchildren and compared the ability of different screening tests (alone and in combination) to detect this level of hyperopia.

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells are protective against hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury.

Background And Aims: Although type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were originally found to be liver-resident lymphocytes, the role and importance of ILC2 in liver injury remains poorly understood. In the current study, we sought to determine whether ILC2 is an important regulator of hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).

Methods: ILC2-deficient mice (ICOS-T or NSG) and genetically modified ILC2s were used to investigate the role of ILC2s in murine hepatic IRI.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Derived Measurements of the Optic Nerve Head Structure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children.

Prcis: This study demonstrated significant differences in optic nerve head characteristics in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children compared with non-Indigenous children, which has implications for glaucoma risk and diagnosis in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the optic nerve head (ONH) characteristics of visually normal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and non-Indigenous Australian children.

Materials And Methods: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging was performed on the right eye of 95 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and 149 non-Indigenous Australian children (5-18 years).

Feasibility of Integrating MEditatioN inTO heaRt Disease (the MENTOR Study): A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Comorbid depression and/or anxiety symptoms occur in 25% of patients attending cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs and are associated with poorer prognosis. There is a need to evaluate psychological interventions, including meditation, that have potential to improve psychological health in CR programs.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of integrating a meditation intervention into an existing Australian CR program for the reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms.

PEMT Mediates Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Steatosis, Explains Genotype-Specific Phenotypes and Supports Virus Replication.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on cellular lipid pathways for virus replication and also induces liver steatosis, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. We performed a quantitative lipidomics analysis of virus-infected cells by combining high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and mass spectrometry, using an established HCV cell culture model and subcellular fractionation. Neutral lipid and phospholipids were increased in the HCV-infected cells; in the endoplasmic reticulum there was an ~four-fold increase in free cholesterol and an ~three-fold increase in phosphatidyl choline ( < 0.

Higher order aberrations and retinal image quality during short-term accommodation in myopic and non-myopic children.

Introduction: Despite the known associations between near work and myopia, and retinal image quality and eye growth, accommodation-induced changes in higher order aberrations (HOA's) and retinal image quality in children with different refractive errors are poorly understood.

Methods: Ocular HOA's were measured using a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor (COAS-HD, Wavefront Sciences) in 18 myopic and 18 age- and sex-matched non-myopic children during short-term accommodation tasks (four demands of 0, 3, 6 and 9 D) presented using a Badal optometer. Eighth order Zernike polynomials were fitted across a 2.

IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia.

The choroid is the richly vascular layer of the eye located between the sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well as more recent studies in humans, have demonstrated that the choroid is a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly and indirectly subject to modulation by a variety of physiologic and visual stimuli. In this review, the anatomy and function of the choroid are summarized and links between the choroid, eye growth regulation, and myopia, as demonstrated in animal models, discussed.