Mechanically Robust 3D Flexible Electrodes via Embedding Conductive Nanomaterials in the Surface of Polymer Networks.

3D flexible electrodes are essential to implement flexible pressure sensors in various flexible electronic applications. Conventional methods for fabricating these electrodes include electroless deposition, spray coating, and incorporating conductive nanomaterials into a polymer matrix. However, the electrodes fabricated using these methods are characterized by poor adhesion between the conductive layer and polymer surface and fail to maintain intrinsic mechanical properties of the polymer, such as elastic modulus and ductility.

Biology, distribution, and management of invasive South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae), in Asia.

South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is native to South America, but is a major invasive and quarantine pest species in Europe, Africa, and Asia. It causes extensive damage of up to 100% yield loss in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) in open and greenhouse conditions. Since its first invasion in Spain in 2006, it has spread rapidly into many countries in the Mediterranean and Western Europe and further invaded Africa and Asia.

Control efficacy of azadirachtin on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) by soil drenching.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an important agricultural pest species native to the Western Hemisphere and has recently invaded to Africa and Asia. Owing to the development of pesticide resistance and environmental contamination, ecofriendly pesticides are desirable for FAW control. Azadirachtin is a plant-derived natural pesticide with low toxicity to humans and the natural environment.

Identification of begomoviruses associated with the insect vector Bemisia tabaci and various host plants on Java Island, Indonesia.

Begomoviruses are economically important plant viruses and are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci which is a complex of various cryptic species. However, it is uncertain whether most begomoviruses that infect host plants are transmitted by B. tabaci at a similar rate.

Genetic diversity of cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci in Asia.

Bemisia tabaci is a species complex consisting of various genetically different cryptic species worldwide. To understand the genetic characteristics and geographic distribution of cryptic species of B. tabaci in Asia, we conducted an extensive collection of B.

Emergence of Asian endemic begomoviruses as a pandemic threat.

Plant viruses are responsible for the most devastating and commercially significant plant diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus is the largest one in the family with a single-stranded DNA genome, either monopartite or bipartite. Begomoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors, such as .

Genetic Relationship of Fall Armyworm () Populations That Invaded Africa and Asia.

The fall armyworm, , is an important agricultural pest native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere, and has invaded Africa and further spread into most countries of Asia within two years. Here, we analyzed the genetic variation of invaded populations by comparing the nucleotide sequences of two genes: the nuclear Z-chromosome linked gene () and the mitochondrial gene () of 27 specimens collected in Africa (DR Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) and Asia (Bangladesh, Korea, Nepal, and Vietnam). The results revealed that 25 specimens were from a heterogeneous hybrid (-corn strain and -rice strain; -C/-R) of the corn strain male and rice strain female, but two specimens were from a homogenous corn strain (-corn strain and -corn strain; -C/-C).

The E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL regulates synaptic ApoER2 levels and is important for plasticity and learning.

Neuronal ApoE receptors are linked to learning and memory, but the pathways governing their abundance, and the mechanisms by which they affect the function of neural circuits are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL determines synaptic ApoER2 protein levels in response to neuronal activation and regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis and plasticity. IDOL-dependent changes in ApoER2 abundance modulate dendritic filopodia initiation and synapse maturation.

Development of a new vector using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus for gene function study or heterologous protein expression in soybeans.

A new vector using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV) was constructed for gene function study or heterologous protein expression in soybeans. The in vitro transcript with a 5' cap analog m7GpppG from an SYCMV full-length infectious vector driven by a T7 promoter infected soybeans (pSYCMVT7-full). The symptoms observed in the soybeans infected with either the sap from SYCMV-infected leaves or pSYCMVT7-full were indistinguishable, suggesting that the vector exhibits equivalent biological activity as the virus itself.

Development of a Species-specific PCR Assay for Three Xanthomonas Species, Causing Bulb and Flower Diseases, Based on Their Genome Sequences.

In this study, we developed a species-specific PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of three Xanthomonas species, X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola (XAP), X.

The complete genome sequences of two isolates of cnidium vein yellowing virus, a tentative new member of the family Secoviridae.

We determined the complete genome sequences of two isolates of cnidium vein yellowing virus (CnVYV-1 and -2) that co-infected all field samples collected from Cnidium officinale in Korea. Unlike CnVYV-2, however, CnVYV-1 was sap-transmissible to Nicotiana benthamiana. CnVYV-1 and -2 have bipartite genomes of 7,263 and 3,110 nucleotides and 7,278 and 3,112 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the poly(A) tails.

Comparative genome analysis of rice-pathogenic Burkholderia provides insight into capacity to adapt to different environments and hosts.

Background: In addition to human and animal diseases, bacteria of the genus Burkholderia can cause plant diseases. The representative species of rice-pathogenic Burkholderia are Burkholderia glumae, B. gladioli, and B.

Influence of alendronate and endplate degeneration to single level posterior lumbar spinal interbody fusion.

Objective: Using alendronate after spinal fusion is a controversial issue due to the inhibition of osteoclast mediated bone resorption. In addition, there are an increasing number of reports that the endplate degeneration influences the lumbar spinal fusion. The object of this retrospective controlled study was to evaluate how the endplate degeneration and the bisphosphonate medication influence the spinal fusion through radiographic evaluation.

Neuron-wide RNA transport combines with netrin-mediated local translation to spatially regulate the synaptic proteome.

The persistence of experience-dependent changes in brain connectivity requires RNA localization and protein synthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for local translation in altering the structure and function of synapses during synapse formation and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity. In this study, we ask whether in addition to promoting local translation, local stimulation also triggers directed trafficking of RNAs from nucleus to stimulated synapses.

Identification of a cis-acting element that localizes mRNA to synapses.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization and regulated translation can spatially restrict gene expression to each of the thousands of synaptic compartments formed by a single neuron. Although cis-acting RNA elements have been shown to direct localization of mRNAs from the soma into neuronal processes, less is known about signals that target transcripts specifically to synapses. In Aplysia sensory-motor neuronal cultures, synapse formation rapidly redistributes the mRNA encoding the peptide neurotransmitter sensorin from neuritic shafts into synapses.

Presence of glioma stroma mesenchymal stem cells in a murine orthotopic glioma model.

Purpose: High-grade gliomas are closely related to the mesenchymal phenotype which might be explained by unorthodox differentiation of glioma cancer stem cells (gCSCs). We reasoned that other non-neural stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), might play a role in expressing mesenchymal phenotype of high-grade gliomas. Thus we hypothesized that cells resembling MSCs exist in glioma specimens.

Homeostatic scaling requires group I mGluR activation mediated by Homer1a.

Homeostatic scaling is a non-Hebbian form of neural plasticity that maintains neuronal excitability and informational content of synaptic arrays in the face of changes of network activity. Here, we demonstrate that homeostatic scaling is dependent on group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation that is mediated by the immediate early gene Homer1a. Homer1a is transiently upregulated during increases in network activity and evokes agonist-independent signaling of group I mGluRs that scales down the expression of synaptic AMPA receptors.

Elongation factor 2 and fragile X mental retardation protein control the dynamic translation of Arc/Arg3.1 essential for mGluR-LTD.

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) induce long-term depression (LTD) that requires protein synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that Arc/Arg3.1 is translationally induced within 5 min of mGluR activation, and this response is essential for mGluR-dependent LTD.