Functional and structural profiling of circulation via genetically encoded modular fluorescent probes.

Sustained labeling of fluids is crucial for their investigation in animal models. Here, we introduce a mouse line (Alb-mSc-ST), where blood and interstitial fluid are labeled with the red fluorescent protein mScarlet and SpyTag. The SpyTag-SpyCatcher technology is exploited to monitor circulating fluid properties by biosensors or detect blood-brain barrier disruption.

Distinct lactate metabolism between hepatocytes and myotubes revealed by live cell imaging with genetically encoded indicators.

The process of glycolysis breaks down glycogen stored in muscles, producing lactate through pyruvate to generate energy. Excess lactate is then released into the bloodstream. When lactate reaches the liver, it is converted to glucose, which muscles utilize as a substrate to generate ATP.

Mitochondrial ATP concentration decreases immediately after glucose administration to glucose-deprived hepatocytes.

Hepatocytes can switch their metabolic processes in response to nutrient availability. However, the dynamics of metabolites (such as lactate, pyruvate, and ATP) in hepatocytes during the metabolic switch remain unknown. In this study, we visualized metabolite dynamics in primary cultured hepatocytes during recovery from glucose-deprivation.

Effects of Intestinal Bacterial Hydrogen Gas Production on Muscle Recovery following Intense Exercise in Adult Men: A Pilot Study.

This study aimed to examine the effects of hydrogen gas (H) produced by intestinal microbiota on participant conditioning to prevent intense exercise-induced damage. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, participants ingested H-producing milk that induced intestinal bacterial H production or a placebo on the trial day, 4 h before performing an intense exercise at 75% maximal oxygen uptake for 60 min. Blood marker levels and respiratory variables were measured before, during, and after exercise.

Green fluorescent protein-based lactate and pyruvate indicators suitable for biochemical assays and live cell imaging.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, whereas fermentation can then produce lactate from pyruvate. Here, we developed single fluorescent protein (FP)-based lactate and pyruvate indicators with low EC for trace detection of metabolic molecules and live cell imaging and named them "Green Lindoblum" and "Green Pegassos," respectively. Green Lindoblum (EC of 30 µM for lactate) and Green Pegassos (EC of 70 µM for pyruvate) produced a 5.

Hydrogen-producing milk to prevent reduction in tear stability in persons using visual display terminals.

Purpose: To examine the effect of hydrogen (H)-producing milk, which induces H production by intestinal microbiota, on the prevention of dry eye disease.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative study was conducted in humans. Of 118 candidates aged 20-60 years who were using visual display terminals daily, 54 subjects (mean age, 42.

Ca(2+) spiking activity caused by the activation of store-operated Ca(2+) channels mediates TNF-α release from microglial cells under chronic purinergic stimulation.

Cytokines released from microglia mediate defensive responses in the brain, but the underlying mechanisms are obscure. One proposed process is that nucleotide leakage or release from surrounding cells is sensed by metabotropic (P2Y) and ionotropic (P2X) purinergic receptors, which may trigger long-term intracellular Ca(2+) flux and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release. Indeed, 3h of exposure to ATP was required to evoke TNF-α release from a murine microglial cell line (MG5).

First and second generation H₁ histamine receptor antagonists produce different sleep-inducing profiles in rats.

First generation H₁ histamine receptor antagonists, such as d-chlorpheniramine (d-CPA) and diphenhydramine, produce drowsiness in humans. They are currently used as over-the-counter sleep aids. However, the mechanisms underlying drowsiness induced by these H₁ histamine receptor antagonists remain obscure because they produce heterogeneous receptor-independent actions.