Personality and presentation of depression symptoms: A preliminary examination of the pathoplasticity model.

The pathoplasty model posits that personality influences the manifestation of psychopathology, but has rarely tested the influence on the symptomatic expression of depression. We tested pathoplastic effects of personality on depressive symptoms in five cross-sectional samples varying in age, specific measures of personality, and specific measures of depression. Tests of pathoplastic effects were conducted using moderated non-linear factor analysis.

Do Cognitive Functions Belong in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Model? A Meta-Analysis.

Cognitive dysfunction is essential to conceptualizing, defining, and assessing much of psychopathology. Despite this prominence, cognitive abilities are not included in the prevailing empirically based classification system: the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). This gap exists because the factor-analytic literature the HiTOP is based on has solely used reporter measures rather than neuropsychological tests needed to measure cognitive ability.

Do Predictors of First-Onset Depression Differ Between Youth with and without Anxiety Disorders?

Objective: Although anxiety disorders elevate risk for subsequent depressive disorders, most anxious youth do not develop depression. However, the factors that influence the sequential comorbidity between anxiety and subsequent depression have received little attention.

Method: We followed two samples of majority-White suburban youth.

Trial-by-trial ERP-behavior relationships in psychosis: Between- and within-person variability in performance monitoring adjustments.

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, characterized by deficits in performance monitoring, predicts clinical and functional outcomes. The error-related negativity (ERN), a neurophysiological index of error detection, is reduced in psychosis, but it is unclear why this impaired error detection is not closely linked to behavioral adjustments. A possibility is that research has overrelied on examining between-person relationships of average ERN and behavior, rather than focusing on within-person, trial-by-trial changes.

Additive Contributions of Polygenic Risk Scores and Interpersonal Stressors to Adolescent Body Mass Index.

Objective: Genetics contributes to elevated body mass index (BMI) in youth. Adolescents experiencing interpersonal stressors (eg, peer victimization or parental criticism) may additionally be at a heightened risk for developing high BMI. However, few studies have examined the additive contributions of genetic factors and interpersonal stressors to BMI.

The latent structure of working memory: A large sample factor model of working memory capacity.

Working memory (WM) is an essential system of cognitive processes for a wide range of cognitive activities and is associated with diverse real-world outcomes. Despite extensive research in cognitive psychology, the complex multifaceted nature of WM is often overlooked in applied settings, such as clinical and neuroimaging research. This study investigated the latent structure of WM by examining a comprehensive set of WM tasks commonly used in both theoretical and applied research in cognitive psychology and psychiatric neuroimaging.

Screening for Cognitive Decline in Psychotic Disorders in Midlife: Examining Scoring the Clinical Dementia Rating Using Longitudinal Data.

Background And Hypothesis: Little is understood about whether the high reported prevalence of dementia in people with psychosis reflects impairment present at psychosis onset. We hypothesized that relying on longitudinal data would help to distinguish stable deficits associated with psychotic disorders from subsequent decline.

Study Design: We prospectively assessed the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) in individuals with first-admission psychosis who have been followed for 25 years (109 with schizophrenia; 135 with other psychoses) alongside 238 demographically matched never-psychotic adults.

Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Class of Its Own? Longitudinal Comparison to Other Conditions Following Trauma and Life Stress Exposure.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by the assumption that qualifying traumatic events lead to a syndrome distinct from other internalizing disorders, while stressful life events play a prominent role in etiologic theories of major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined whether the environmental etiology of PTSD and MDD are distinct by evaluating the relative contributions of traumatic and stressful life events to both conditions. Harmful alcohol use and physical limitations served as noninternalizing comparators expected to show weaker associations with environmental factors.

Stress dynamics that maintain posttraumatic stress disorder across 20 years.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often chronic and impairing. Mechanisms that maintain symptoms remain poorly understood because of heterogenous presentation. We parsed this heterogeneity by examining how individual differences in stress-symptom dynamics relate to the long-term maintenance of PTSD.

Predictors and Outcomes Associated with 25-Year Cognitive Decline in Psychotic Disorders.

Background And Hypothesis: Cognitive impairment, a key feature of psychosis, is linked to poor functional outcomes. This study aimed to identify predictors and outcomes associated with cognitive decline in psychotic disorders.

Study Design: Data were taken from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, a first-admission longitudinal cohort study of individuals with psychotic disorders.

Day-to-day dynamics of facial emotion expressions in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Facial expressions are an essential component of emotions that may reveal mechanisms maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most research on emotions in PTSD has relied on self-reports, which only capture subjective affect. The few studies on outward emotion expressions have been hampered by methodological limitations, including low ecological validity and failure to capture the dynamic nature of emotions and symptoms.

Personality in psychosis decades after onset: Tests of models of the relations between psychopathology and personality.

Models have been put forth to describe relations between psychopathology and personality. However, the relation in individuals with psychotic disorders is unclear. As a test of models of psychopathology-personality in psychosis, the current study included 239 individuals, each with one of four psychotic disorders-schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BPp), major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDDp), and substance-induced psychosis (SIP)-and compared their personality to a never-psychotic sample (NP; = 257).

Promises and Pitfalls of Internet Search Data in Mental Health: Critical Review.

The internet is now integral to everyday life, and users' web-based search data could be of strategic importance in mental health care. As shown by previous studies, internet searches may provide valuable insights into an individual's mental state and could be of great value in early identification and helping in pathways to care. Internet search data can potentially provide real-time identification (eg, alert mechanisms for timely interventions).

Impact of ERP Reliability Cutoffs on Sample Characteristics and Effect Sizes: Performance-Monitoring ERPs in Psychosis and Healthy Controls.

In studies of event-related brain potentials (ERPs), it is common practice to exclude participants for having too few trials for analysis to ensure adequate score reliability (i.e., internal consistency).

New diagnosis in psychiatry: beyond heuristics.

Background: Diagnosis in psychiatry faces familiar challenges. Validity and utility remain elusive, and confusion regarding the fluid and arbitrary border between mental health and illness is increasing. The mainstream strategy has been conservative and iterative, retaining current nosology until something better emerges.

Emotional intelligence as a predictor of functional outcomes in psychotic disorders.

Psychotic disorders are associated with significant impairment in psychosocial functioning, yet mechanisms associated with this impairment remain poorly understood. Emotional intelligence, a component of social cognition, is associated with psychosocial functioning in this population. However, prior work has used relatively small samples, reported inconsistent relations between functioning domains and emotional intelligence, and inconsistently considered negative symptoms.

Large language models for the mental health community: framework for translating code to care.

Large language models (LLMs) offer promising applications in mental health care to address gaps in treatment and research. By leveraging clinical notes and transcripts as data, LLMs could improve diagnostics, monitoring, prevention, and treatment of mental health conditions. However, several challenges persist, including technical costs, literacy gaps, risk of biases, and inequalities in data representation.

Observer-rated environmental sensitivity and its characterization at behavioral, genetic, and physiological levels.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Highly Sensitive Child-Rating System (HSC-RS), the existence of sensitivity groups, and the characterization of sensitivity at behavioral, genetic, and physiological levels in 541 preschoolers (() = 3.56(0.27); 45%male; 87%Caucasian).

State of the Science: The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP).

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a dimensional framework for psychopathology advanced by a consortium of nosologists. In the HiTOP system, psychopathology is grouped hierarchically from super-spectra, spectra, and subfactors at the upper levels to homogeneous symptom components and maladaptive traits and their constituent symptoms, and maladaptive behaviors at the lower levels. HiTOP has the potential to improve clinical outcomes by planning treatment based on symptom severity rather than heterogeneous diagnoses, targeting treatment across different levels of the hierarchy, and assessing distress and impairment separately from the observed symptom profile.

Digital assessment of nonverbal behaviors forecasts first onset of depression.

Background: Adolescence is marked by a sharp increase in the incidence of depression, especially in females. Identification of risk for depressive disorders (DD) in this key developmental stage can help prevention efforts, mitigating the clinical and public burden of DD. While frequently used in diagnosis, nonverbal behaviors are relatively understudied as risk markers for DD.

Where do neurodevelopmental conditions fit in transdiagnostic psychiatric frameworks? Incorporating a new neurodevelopmental spectrum.

Features of autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disorders, intellectual disabilities, and communication and motor disorders usually emerge early in life and are associated with atypical neurodevelopment. These "neurodevelopmental conditions" are grouped together in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 to reflect their shared characteristics. Yet, reliance on categorical diagnoses poses significant challenges in both research and clinical settings (e.

Sleep disturbances across 2 weeks predict future mental healthcare utilization.

Study Objectives: Insufficient sleep costs the US economy over $411 billion per year. However, most studies investigating the economic costs of sleep rely on one-time measures of sleep, which may be prone to recall bias and cannot capture variability in sleep. To address these gaps, we examined how sleep metrics captured from daily sleep diaries predicted medical expenditures.