Dual Innervation of the Depressor Labii Inferioris and Implications for Deep Plane Facelift and Structural Neck Contouring: Insights from In Vivo Stimulation of the Facial Nerve Branches.

Injury to the depressor labii inferioris (DLI) is a frequent cause of lower lip asymmetry following deep plane facelift and structural neck contouring. This study characterizes the in vivo innervation of the DLI through intraoperative facial nerve mapping during selective facial neurectomy in 20 consecutive patients. In all cases, dual innervation of the DLI was observed: a superficial branch of the marginal mandibular nerve (MMN) supplies the lateral DLI, while an inferomedial cervical branch innervates the medial DLI.

Standardized Assessment Tool for Surgery Applicants Reduces Attrition and Improves Board Pass Rate.

Define Challenge: Review of applicants to surgery residency is difficult to standardize and is open to bias. In addition, proper assessment and identification can lead to improved retention and performance in residency.

Tool Description: We developed a standardized tool to assess applicants in a holistic manner and stratify them for ranking.

Neurons derived from NeuroD1-expressing astrocytes transition through transit-amplifying intermediates but lack functional maturity.

In vivo conversion of nonneuronal cells into neurons is a proposed strategy to replace neurons lost to CNS injury or disease. Glia-to-neuron trans-differentiation by viral vector-mediated GFAP mini-promoter-driven NeuroD1 remains hotly debated. Developing inducible, lineage-traceable transgenic mice, we find that astrocyte-to-neuron conversion is restricted to a specific time window within the lesion core of injured spinal cord and brain.

Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a leading cause of death by an infectious disease globally, has no efficacious vaccine. Antibodies are implicated in M. tuberculosis control, but the mechanisms of action remain poorly understood.

Requirements and Study Design for the Next Proton FLASH Clinical Trials: an International Multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus.

Purpose: The FLASH effect, defined as normal tissue sparing while maintaining tumor control with ultra-high dose-rate irradiation, has been demonstrated preclinically in different tumors and tissues. Although the biological mechanisms are unclear, there is a need for clinical trials investigating the value of proton FLASH irradiation (pFLASH). The purpose of this study was to establish an expert consensus regarding prerequisites, study design, and endpoints for the next clinical trials exploring the clinical potentials of pFLASH.

Genetic and epigenetic regulation of Treg cell fitness by autism-related chromatin remodeler CHD8.

Background: Chromatin remodeler chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8) defines a subtype of autism that is associated with immune disorders. It remains unknown whether CHD8 plays a cell-intrinsic role in immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) that maintain immune tolerance through suppressing CD4 and CD8 effector T cells.

Methods: Treg-specific conditional CHD8-deficient mice were generated by crossing Chd8 mice with Foxp3 transgenic mice.

SUV39H1 maintains cancer stem cell chromatin state and properties in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain cancer, with GBM stem cells (GSCs) driving therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Targeting GSCs offers a promising strategy for preventing tumor relapse and improving outcomes. We identify SUV39H1, a histone-3, lysine-9 methyltransferase, as critical for GSC maintenance and GBM progression.

Developmental Origins and Oncogenesis in Medulloblastoma.

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain cancer and is broadly categorized into four molecular subgroups. Understanding the cell origins of medulloblastoma is crucial for preventing tumor formation and relapse. Recent single-cell transcriptomics studies have identified the potential cell lineage vulnerabilities and mechanisms underpinning malignant transformation in medulloblastoma.

Transcription factors ASCL1 and OLIG2 drive glioblastoma initiation and co-regulate tumor cell types and migration.

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive, infiltrative, and heterogeneous brain tumors driven by complex genetic alterations. The basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors ASCL1 and OLIG2 are dynamically co-expressed in GBMs; however, their combinatorial roles in regulating the plasticity and heterogeneity of GBM cells are unclear. Here, we show that induction of somatic mutations in subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells leads to the dysregulation of ASCL1 and OLIG2, which then function redundantly and are required for brain tumor formation in a mouse model of GBM.

Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote restriction.

the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death by an infectious disease globally, with no efficacious vaccine. Antibodies are implicated in control, but the mechanisms of antibody action remain poorly understood. We assembled a library of TB monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and screened for the ability to restrict in mice, identifying protective antibodies targeting known and novel antigens.

DOR activation in mature oligodendrocytes regulates α-ketoglutarate metabolism leading to enhanced remyelination in aged mice.

The decreased ability of mature oligodendrocytes to produce myelin negatively affects remyelination in demyelinating diseases and aging, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In the present study, we identify a mature oligodendrocyte-enriched transcriptional coregulator diabetes- and obesity-related gene (DOR)/tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2), downregulated in demyelinated lesions of donors with multiple sclerosis and in aged oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Dor ablation in mice of both sexes results in defective myelinogenesis and remyelination.

Toxicity and decomposition activity inhibition of VO micro/nanoparticles to white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Vanadium dioxide (VO) is an excellent phase transition material widely used in various applications, and thus inevitably enters the environment via different routes and encounters various organisms. Nonetheless, limited information is available on the environmental hazards of VO. In this study, we investigated the impact of two commercial VO particles, nanosized S-VO and micro-sized M-VO on the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Shared patterns of glial transcriptional dysregulation link Huntington's disease and schizophrenia.

Huntington's disease and juvenile-onset schizophrenia have long been regarded as distinct disorders. However, both manifest cell-intrinsic abnormalities in glial differentiation, with resultant astrocytic dysfunction and hypomyelination. To assess whether a common mechanism might underlie the similar glial pathology of these otherwise disparate conditions, we used comparative correlation network approaches to analyse RNA-sequencing data from human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) produced from disease-derived pluripotent stem cells.

Small-molecule-induced epigenetic rejuvenation promotes SREBP condensation and overcomes barriers to CNS myelin regeneration.

Remyelination failure in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) was thought to involve suppressed maturation of oligodendrocyte precursors; however, oligodendrocytes are present in MS lesions yet lack myelin production. We found that oligodendrocytes in the lesions are epigenetically silenced. Developing a transgenic reporter labeling differentiated oligodendrocytes for phenotypic screening, we identified a small-molecule epigenetic-silencing-inhibitor (ESI1) that enhances myelin production and ensheathment.

The myelination-associated G protein-coupled receptor 37 is regulated by Zfp488, Nkx2.2, and Sox10 during oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system are controlled and coordinated by a complex gene regulatory network that contains several transcription factors, including Zfp488 and Nkx2.2. Despite the proven role in oligodendrocyte differentiation little is known about the exact mode of Zfp488 and Nkx2.

Small bites versus large bites during fascial closure of midline laparotomies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: Incisional ventral hernias (IVH) are common after laparotomies, with up to 20% incidence in 12 months, increasing up to 60% at 3-5 years. Although Small Bites (SB) is the standard technique for fascial closure in laparotomies, its adoption in the United States is limited, and Large Bites (LB) is still commonly performed. We aim to assess the effectiveness of SB regarding IVH.