Pacific sub-decadal sea surface temperature variations contributed to recent Aantarctic Sea ice decline trend.

Total sea ice extent (SIE) across the Southern Ocean increased from 1979-2014, but declined rapidly after 2016. Significant sea ice decline has emerged since the peak of SIE in 2014, coincident with Pacific sub-decadal sea surface temperature (SST) trends resembling a strong La Niña-like cold condition and the negative phase of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Previous studies suggest that the warm subsurface Southern Ocean was an important driver of the low sea ice in spring 2016 and the sustained low sea ice state since.

Designing Multi-Stage 2 A/O-MBR Processes for a Higher Removal Rate of Pollution in Wastewater.

Multi-stage A/O-MBR processes were designed to improve wastewater treatment efficiency; three different designs were carried out and compared in this study. The 2(A/O)-MBR process, i.e.

Shifting El Niño inhibits summer Arctic warming and Arctic sea-ice melting over the Canada Basin.

Arctic climate changes include not only changes in trends and mean states but also strong interannual variations in various fields. Although it is known that tropical-extratropical teleconnection is sensitive to changes in flavours of El Niño, whether Arctic climate variability is linked to El Niño, in particular on interannual timescale, remains unclear. Here we demonstrate for the first time a long-range linkage between central Pacific (CP) El Niño and summer Arctic climate.

Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950.

Anthropogenic forcings have contributed to global and regional warming in the last few decades and likely affected terrestrial precipitation. Here we examine changes in major Köppen climate classes from gridded observed data and their uncertainties due to internal climate variability using control simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). About 5.

Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change.

Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of these changes are in the direction expected with warming temperature. Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone.

[Cause of unilateral vocal cord paralysis in aged (report of 51 cases)].

Objective: To investigate the cause of unilateral vocal cord paralysis in aged.

Method: Fifty-one patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis in aged were retrospectively analyzed.

Result: The main cause of unilateral vocal cord paralysis in aged was malignant tumor.