Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Family Language on Implanted Children's Communication Mode.

Objective: Examination of the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) and family language on communication mode after cochlear implant (CI).

Data Sources: Data on 176 children implanted at < 37 months were obtained from medical records including insurance type as a representation of SES, family language (English-only/Spanish-bilingual/Spanish requiring interpreter), habilitation (Oral only/Includes sign), age at CI(s), bilateral or unilateral CI, open-set speech perception (Yes/No).

Methods: Communication mode (Oral only/Includes sign) was the outcome of interest.

Predicting Auditory Skill Outcomes After Pediatric Cochlear Implantation Using Preoperative Brain Imaging.

Purpose: Our study used preoperative neuroanatomical features to predict auditory development in Chinese-learning children with cochlear implants (CIs).

Method: T1-weighted whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from 17 Chinese-learning pediatric CI candidates (12 females and five males, age at MRI = 23.0 ± 15.

Early-stage use of hearing aids preserves auditory cortical structure in children with sensorineural hearing loss.

Hearing is critical to spoken language, cognitive, and social development. Little is known about how early auditory experiences impact the brain structure of children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. This study examined the influence of hearing aid use and residual hearing on the auditory cortex of children with severe to profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss.

The Extent of Hearing Input Affects the Plasticity of the Auditory Cortex in Children With Hearing Loss: A Preliminary Study.

Purpose: This study investigated to what extent residual hearing and rehabilitation options (e.g., hearing aids [HAs]) affect the auditory cortex in children with hearing loss.

Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Otolaryngology and the Communication Sciences.

Use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a burgeoning field in otolaryngology and the communication sciences. A virtual symposium on the topic was convened from Duke University on October 26, 2020, and was attended by more than 170 participants worldwide. This review presents summaries of all but one of the talks presented during the symposium; recordings of all the talks, along with the discussions for the talks, are available at https://www.

American Cochlear Implant Alliance Task Force Guidelines for Clinical Assessment and Management of Cochlear Implantation in Children With Single-Sided Deafness.

More children with single-sided deafness (SSD) are receiving cochlear implants (CIs) due to the expansion of CI indications. This unique group of pediatric patients has different needs than the typical recipient with bilateral deafness and requires special consideration and care. The goal of cochlear implantation in these children is to provide bilateral input to encourage the development of binaural hearing.

Cochlear Implantation Can Improve Auditory Skills, Language and Social Engagement of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Objective: To review outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Study Design: Retrospective case review and parent survey.

Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital.

Gorham Stout disease of the temporal bone with cerebrospinal fluid leak.

Gorham Stout disease (GSD) is a rare disease characterized by the proliferation of endothelial lined vessels and replacement of bone by fibrous tissue. The main imaging features are progressive osteolysis and cortical resorption. Temporal bone involvement is rare but presents as a destructive bone lesion that may be misinterpreted as more common lytic processes in the pediatric population, such as infection or Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Impact of Cochlear Implant With Diametric Magnet on Imaging Access, Safety, and Clinical Care.

Objectives/hypothesis: Review safety and effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients implanted with a cochlear implant (CI) containing a diametric magnet housed within the undersurface of the device.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review with additional review of MRI at a tertiary-care children's hospital.

Methods: Seven patients with mean age of 8.

Safety and Effectiveness of Cochlear Implantation of Young Children, Including Those With Complicating Conditions.

Objective: Determine safety and effectiveness of cochlear implantation of children under age 37 months, including below age 12 months.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Tertiary care children's medical center.

Neural preservation underlies speech improvement from auditory deprivation in young cochlear implant recipients.

Although cochlear implantation enables some children to attain age-appropriate speech and language development, communicative delays persist in others, and outcomes are quite variable and difficult to predict, even for children implanted early in life. To understand the neurobiological basis of this variability, we used presurgical neural morphological data obtained from MRI of individual pediatric cochlear implant (CI) candidates implanted younger than 3.5 years to predict variability of their speech-perception improvement after surgery.

Outcomes and Time to Emergence of Auditory Skills After Cochlear Implantation of Children With Charge Syndrome.

Objective: Review perioperative complications, benefits, and the timeframe over which auditory skills develop in children with CHARGE syndrome who receive a cochlear implant (CI).

Study Design: IRB-approved retrospective chart review of children with CHARGE syndrome who had at least 12 months of cochlear implant use.

Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital.

Cochlear implantation of solid organ transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of infectious complications and healing problems in cochlear implant (CI) patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy following solid organ transplant.

Study Design: IRB-approved retrospective chart review of implanted patients.

Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital.

Management of acute complicated mastoiditis at an urban, tertiary care pediatric hospital.

Objectives/hypothesis: To describe the presentation and management of acute complicated mastoiditis in children.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: An analysis of pediatric patients with acute complicated mastoiditis treated at an urban, tertiary care children's hospital from 2007 to 2014 was performed.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cochlear Implant Recipients.

Objective: Determine the diagnostic usefulness of postimplantation 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and review magnet-related MRI complications.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review with additional review of MRIs.

Preoperative imaging of sensorineural hearing loss in pediatric candidates for cochlear implantation.

Cochlear implantation is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for children with marked bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

Auditory-cognitive training improves language performance in prelingually deafened cochlear implant recipients.

Objectives: Phonological and working memory skills have been shown to be important for the development of spoken language. Children who use a cochlear implant (CI) show performance deficits relative to normal hearing (NH) children on all constructs: phonological skills, working memory, and spoken language. Given that phonological skills and working memory have been shown to be important for spoken language development in NH children, we hypothesized that training these foundational skills would result in improved spoken language performance in CI-using children.

Usher syndrome: characteristics and outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant recipients.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant recipients diagnosed with Usher syndrome (US).

Study Design: Retrospective study of consecutive pediatric cochlear implant recipients (1991-2010).

Setting: Tertiary care children's hospital.

Pediatric cochlear implantation of children with eighth nerve deficiency.

Objective: To evaluate the auditory outcomes of children implanted in an ear with eighth nerve hypoplasia or aplasia and to determine whether preoperative characteristics are predictive of auditory performance achieved.

Study Design: retrospective case review.

Setting: tertiary care medical center.

Limitations of universal newborn hearing screening in early identification of pediatric cochlear implant candidates.

Objectives: To determine whether implementation of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) in the state of Illinois has affected the ages at diagnosis of hearing loss and implantation in children receiving cochlear implants and to determine how often children undergoing implantation had UNHS results with no indication of hearing loss (pass).

Design: Retrospective case review of 417 randomly selected pediatric implant recipients born before and after UNHS was mandated by law in Illinois. Data analyzed included hearing screening status, ages at initial diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and severe to profound SNHL, and age at implantation.

Current techniques in management of postmeningitic deafness in children.

Objectives: To determine pneumococcal vaccination status of children with recent postmeningitic deafness and to review our current approach for achieving early implantation in this special population that is at significant risk for cochlear ossification.

Design: Review of imaging studies and test results.

Setting: Tertiary care/referral children's hospital.