A comprehensive review of using nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy: Pros and Cons of clinical usage.

Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system to selectively destroy malignant cells. Its effectiveness is often undermined by inadequate immune system activation, immune evasion by tumors, and off-target damage. Nanotechnology has the potential to address these challenges by improving the targeting and delivery of therapeutic agents to the immune system.

Cell-Free DNA: Features and Attributes Shaping the Next Frontier in Liquid Biopsy.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is changing the face of liquid biopsy as a minimally invasive tool for disease detection and monitoring, with its main applications in oncology and prenatal testing, and rising roles in transplant patient monitoring. However, the processes of cfDNA biogenesis, fragmentation, and clearance are complex and require further investigation. Evidence suggests that cfDNA production relates to mechanisms of cell death and DNA repair, both of which further influence fragment size and its applicability as a biomarker.

Improving the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing machinery as a cancer therapeutic tool with the help of nanomedicine.

CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9) has revolutionized gene editing tools and paved the way for innovations in medical research for disease diagnosis and treatment. However, better specificity and efficient delivery of this gene machinery make it challenging to successfully edit genes for treating various diseases. This is mainly due to cellular barriers, instability in biological environments, and various off-target effects that prohibit safe and efficient delivery under in vivo conditions.

Multiomics approach towards characterization of tumor cell plasticity and its significance in precision and personalized medicine.

Cellular plasticity refers to the ability of cells to change their identity or behavior, which can be advantageous in some cases (e.g., tissue regeneration) but detrimental in others (e.

The role of TAOK3 in cancer progression and development as a prognostic marker: A pan-cancer analysis study.

The protein kinase TAOK3, belongs to the MAP kinase family, is one of three closely related members, namely TAOK1, TAOK2, and TAOK3. We performed a pan-cancer investigation of TAOK3 across different cancer types, including uterine carcinosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the stomach and pancreas, and endometrial carcinoma of the uterus, to better understand TAOK3's role in cancer. In at least 16 types of cancer, our findings indicate that TAOK3 expression levels differ considerably between normal and tumor tissues.

Differential Gene Expression Signatures and Cellular Signaling Pathways induced by Lamin A/C Transcript Variants in MCF7 Cell Line.

Background: Lamins are the major component of nuclear lamina. Alternative splicing of the 12 exons comprising gene creates five known transcript variants, lamin A, lamin C, lamin AΔ10, lamin AΔ50, and lamin C2. The main objective for this study was to examine the association of critical pathways, networks, molecular and cellular functions regulated by each Lamin A/C transcript variants.

Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of and as Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Metastasis.

There is a pertinent need to develop prognostic biomarkers for practicing predictive, preventive and personalized medicine (PPPM) in colorectal cancer metastasis. The analysis of isoform expression data governed by alternative splicing provides a high-resolution picture of mRNAs in a defined condition. This information would not be available by studying gene expression changes alone.

Pharmacogenes that demonstrate high association evidence according to CPIC, DPWG, and PharmGKB.

Background: Different levels of evidence related to the variable responses of individuals to drug treatment have been reported in various pharmacogenomic (PGx) databases. Identification of gene-drug pairs with strong association evidence can be helpful in prioritizing the implementation of PGx guidelines and focusing on a gene panel. This study aimed to determine the pharmacogenes with the highest evidence-based association and to indicate their involvement in drug-gene interactions.

Comparing Two Methods for the Isolation of Exosomes.

Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles released by cells into their extracellular environment. They carry different types of RNA including mRNA which may be useful in the diagnosis of various diseases. Exosome isolation has been a challenge because of their small size; therefore, two exosome isolation methods were compared in this study.

Presence of Circulatory Autoantibodies Against ROS-Modified Histone H1 Protein in Lymphoma Patients.

Lymphoma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the immune system is highly affected. Increased oxidative stress is one of the common conditions of cancer and affects macromolecules. Histone modifications affect the chromatin structure and functions.

Modulation of ATP8B1 Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells Suggest its Role as a Tumor Suppressor.

Aim: The study aims to understand the role of tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer initiation and progression.

Background: Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through distinct molecular events. Loss of the 18q chromosome is a conspicuous event in the progression of adenoma to carcinoma.

Implications of zonal architecture on differential gene expression profiling and altered pathway expressions in mandibular condylar cartilage.

Mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) is a multi-zonal heterogeneous fibrocartilage containing different types of cells, but the factors/mechanisms governing the phenotypic transition across the zones have not been fully understood. The reliability of molecular studies heavily rely on the procurement of pure cell populations from the heterogeneous tissue. We used a combined laser-capture microdissection and microarray analysis approach which allowed identification of differential zone-specific gene expression profiling and altered pathways in the MCC of 5-week-old rats.

Identification of Novel Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients Using AmpliSeq Comprehensive Cancer Panel.

Biomarker discovery would be an important tool in advancing and utilizing the concept of precision and personalized medicine in the clinic. Discovery of novel variants in local population provides confident targets for developing biomarkers for personalized medicine. We identified the need to generate high-quality sequencing data from local colorectal cancer patients and understand the pattern of occurrence of variants.

Emerging Pharmacologic Therapies for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

The global burden of heart failure has reached epidemic proportions with tremendous health and economic consequences. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, vericiguat, and omecamtiv mecarbil are novel agents that promise to blunt the high residual risk of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. We review the vast knowledge base that has rapidly materialized for these agents and is poised to shape the current and future trends and recommendations in heart failure pharmacotherapy.

Transcriptomics-Based Characterization of the Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles Against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells.

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have recently attracted attention as potential anti-cancer agents. To the best of our knowledge, the toxicity of ZnO NPs against human chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562 cell line) has not been studied using transcriptomics approach.

Objective: The goals of this study were to evaluate the capability of ZnO NPs to induce apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562 cells) and to investigate the putative mechanisms of action.

Free fatty acids receptors 2 and 3 control cell proliferation by regulating cellular glucose uptake.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide problem, which has been associated with changes in diet and lifestyle pattern. As a result of colonic fermentation of dietary fibres, short chain free fatty acids are generated which activate free fatty acid receptors (FFAR) 2 and 3. and genes are abundantly expressed in colonic epithelium and play an important role in the metabolic homeostasis of colonic epithelial cells.

Colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia as the proof-of-principle model for implementing strategies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in healthcare.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Saudi males and ranks third in females with up to 73% of cases diagnosed at late stage. This review provides an analysis of CRC situation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from healthcare perspective. A PUBMED (1986-2018) search was done to identify publications focusing on CRC in KSA.

Elucidating the Reprograming of Colorectal Cancer Metabolism Using Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling.

Colorectal cancer is the third most incidental cancer worldwide, and the response rate of current treatment for colorectal cancer is very low. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are systems biology platforms, and they had been used to assist researchers in understanding the metabolic alterations in different types of cancer. Here, we reconstructed a generic colorectal cancer GEM by merging 374 personalized GEMs from the Human Pathology Atlas and used it as a platform for systematic investigation of the difference between tumor and normal samples.

Molecular classification of colorectal cancer using the gene expression profile of tumor samples.

Unlabelled: Molecular classifications of colorectal cancer are benefitting cancer research by providing insights into subtype-specific disease prognosis and improved therapeutic interventions. Different conventional DNA markers, such as microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, chromosomal instability, and and mutations, have been used to classify colorectal cancer patients but have not yet shown promising prognostic values. Here, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we show a classification of colorectal cancer tumors from Saudi Arabian patients based on the gene expression profile.

Emerging paradigms in the treatment of liver metastases in colorectal cancer.

Efforts to combat colorectal cancer have benefited from improved screening and surveillance, which facilitates early detection. The survival rate associated with diagnosis at stage I is approximately 90%. However, progress in improving survival in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has been minimal.

Effect of sampling procedure on the quality control metrics of cytoscan HD array for studying cytogenetic aspects of colorectal cancer.

Objectives: The method of colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue sampling would affect its molecular profile and the downstream processing. In this study, we described the impact of CRC tissue sampling procedures on the quality control (QC) metrics of cytoscan HD array.

Methods: We employed a high-resolution cytoscan HD microarray platform to investigate the chromosomal aberrations that could be associated with CRC.

Transcriptome reprogramming by cancer exosomes: identification of novel molecular targets in matrix and immune modulation.

Background: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types, including cancer cells, into bodily fluids such as saliva, plasma, breast milk, semen, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid and sputum. Their key function being intercellular communication with both neighbouring as well as distant cells. Cancer exosomes have been shown to regulate organ-specific metastasis.