4D Biofabrication of Magnetically Augmented Callus Assembloid Implants Enables Rapid Endochondral Ossification via Activation of Mechanosensitive Pathways.

The use of magnetic-driven strategies for non-contact manipulation of engineered living modules opens up new possibilities for tissue engineering. The integration of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with cartilaginous microtissues enables model-driven 4D bottom-up biofabrication of remotely actuated assembloids, providing unique properties to mechanoresponsive tissues, particularly skeletal constructs. However, for clinical use, the long-term effects of magnetic stimulation on phenotype and in vivo functionality need further exploration.