Fecal transplantation from humans with obesity to mice drives a selective microbial signature without impacting behavioral and metabolic health.

Obesity is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome that may contribute to metabolic and mental health disturbances. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from humans to mice is a model proposed to study human microbiota-associated disorders. In this study, we investigated whether gut microbiota from human donors with obesity could affect behavior and metabolomic profiles of mice.

A blueprint for contemporary studies of microbiomes.

This editorial piece co-authored by the Senior Editors at Microbiome aims to highlight current challenges in the field of environmental and host-associated microbiome research. We also take the opportunity to clarify our expectations for the articles submitted to the journal. At Microbiome, we are seeking studies that provide either new mechanistic insights into the role of microbiomes in health and environmental systems or substantial conceptual or technical advances.

Interest of inulin in obesity: comparison of the prebiotic effect of edible-food sources versus purified inulin from chicory root.

Purpose: Inulin-type fructans (ITF) are fermentable dietary fibres (DF) that can confer beneficial metabolic health effects through changes in the gut microbiota. Many papers suggest that complex food rich in DF could be more relevant than purified DF in terms of health effect. We compared the prebiotic effect of natural source of inulin (scorzonera) versus native inulin extracted from chicory root in a model of obesity.

Pre-cachectic changes in amino acid homeostasis precede activation of eIF2α signaling in the liver at the onset of C26 cancer-induced cachexia.

The sequence of events associated with cancer cachexia induction needs to be further characterized. Using the C26 mouse model, we found that prior to cachexia, cancer progression was associated with increased levels of IL-6 and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), highly induced production of positive acute phase proteins (APPs) and reduced levels of most amino acids in the systemic circulation, while signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling was induced (1) in the growing spleen, alongside activation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2 (eIF2α) signalings, and (2) in the liver, alongside increased positive-APP expression, decreased expression, and upregulation of autophagy. At the onset of cachexia, rpS6 and eIF2α signalings were concomitantly activated in the liver, with increased expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) target genes involved in amino acid synthesis and transport, as well as autophagy.

Effect of inulin supplementation on fecal and blood metabolome in alcohol use disorder patients: A randomised, controlled dietary intervention.

Background And Aims: Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized notably by gut microbial dysbiosis and insufficient dietary fiber (DF) intake. This study aims to investigate the effect of DF placebo-controlled intervention in patients suffering from AUD during a three-week period of alcohol withdrawal, in order to discover microbial-derived metabolites that could be involved in metabolic and behavioral status.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed with 50 AUD patients supplemented with inulin (prebiotic DF) or maltodextrin (placebo) during 17 days.

The microbiota-derived bile acid taurodeoxycholic acid improves hepatic cholesterol levels in mice with cancer cachexia.

Alterations in bile acid profile and pathways contribute to hepatic inflammation in cancer cachexia, a syndrome worsening the prognosis of cancer patients. As the gut microbiota impinges on host metabolism through bile acids, the current study aimed to explore the functional contribution of gut microbial dysbiosis to bile acid dysmetabolism and associated disorders in cancer cachexia. Using three mouse models of cancer cachexia (the C26, MC38 and HCT116 models), we evidenced a reduction in the hepatic levels of several secondary bile acids, mainly taurodeoxycholic (TDCA).

Skeletal Muscle Proteome Modifications following Antibiotic-Induced Microbial Disturbances in Cancer Cachexia.

Cancer cachexia is an involuntary loss of body weight, mostly of skeletal muscle. Previous research favors the existence of a microbiota-muscle crosstalk, so the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of microbiota alterations induced by antibiotics on skeletal muscle proteins expression. Skeletal muscle proteome changes were investigated in control (CT) or C26 cachectic mice (C26) with or without antibiotic treatment (CT-ATB or C26-ATB, = 8 per group).

Role of the intestinal microbiota in contributing to weight disorders and associated comorbidities.

SUMMARYThe gut microbiota is a major factor contributing to the regulation of energy homeostasis and has been linked to both excessive body weight and accumulation of fat mass (i.e., overweight, obesity) or body weight loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, and fat depletion (i.

Administration of adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon relieves cancer cachexia by mitigating inflammation in tumour-bearing mice.

Background: Cancer cachexia is a life-threatening, inflammation-driven wasting syndrome that remains untreatable. Adiponectin, the most abundant adipokine, plays an important role in several metabolic processes as well as in inflammation modulation. Our aim was to test whether administration of AdipoRon (AR), a synthetic agonist of the adiponectin receptors, prevents the development of cancer cachexia and its related muscle atrophy.

Tumoral acidosis promotes adipose tissue depletion by fostering adipocyte lipolysis.

Objective: Tumour progression drives profound alterations in host metabolism, such as adipose tissue depletion, an early event of cancer cachexia. As fatty acid consumption by cancer cells increases upon acidosis of the tumour microenvironment, we reasoned that fatty acids derived from distant adipose lipolysis may sustain tumour fatty acid craving, leading to the adipose tissue loss observed in cancer cachexia.

Methods: To evaluate the pro-lipolytic capacities of acid-exposed cancer cells, primary mouse adipocytes from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were exposed to pH-matched conditioned medium from human and murine acid-exposed cancer cells (pH 6.

Gut microbiome alterations at acute myeloid leukemia diagnosis are associated with muscle weakness and anorexia.

The gut microbiota makes critical contributions to host homeostasis, and its role in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has attracted attention. We investigated whether the gut microbiome is affected by AML, and whether such changes are associated with hallmarks of cachexia. Biological samples and clinical data were collected from 30 antibiotic- free AML patients at diagnosis and matched volunteers (1:1) in a multicenter, cross-sectional, prospective study.

Gut microbiota disturbances in hospitalized older adults with malnutrition and clinical outcomes.

Objective: Malnutrition is one of the most threatening conditions in geriatric populations. The gut microbiota has an important role in the host's metabolic and muscular health: however, its interplay with disease-related malnutrition is not well understood. We aimed to identify the association of malnutrition with the gut microbiota and predict clinical outcomes in hospitalized acutely ill older adults.

Markers of adipose tissue fibrogenesis associate with clinically significant liver fibrosis and are unchanged by synbiotic treatment in patients with NAFLD.

Background And Aims: Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) dysfunction contributes to NAFLD pathogenesis and may be influenced by the gut microbiota. Whether transcript profiles of SAT are associated with liver fibrosis and are influenced by synbiotic treatment (that changes the gut microbiome) is unknown. We investigated: (a) whether the presence of clinically significant, ≥F2 liver fibrosis associated with adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, differential gene expression in SAT, and/or a marker of tissue fibrosis (Composite collagen gene expression (CCGE)); and (b) whether synbiotic treatment modified markers of AT dysfunction and the SAT transcriptome.

Impact of metformin and Dysosmobacter welbionis on diet-induced obesity and diabetes: from clinical observation to preclinical intervention.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to investigate the association between the abundance of Dysosmobacter welbionis, a commensal gut bacterium, and metabolic health in human participants with obesity and diabetes, and the influence of metformin treatment and prebiotic intervention.

Methods: Metabolic variables were assessed and faecal samples were collected from 106 participants in a randomised controlled intervention with a prebiotic stratified by metformin treatment (Food4Gut trial). The abundance of D.

Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics is Associated with Gut Microbiota Diversity in Kidney Transplant Patients: Results from a Pilot Cross-Sectional Study.

Clinical use of tacrolimus (TAC), an essential immunosuppressant following transplantation, is complexified by its high pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. The gut microbiota gains growing interest but limited investigations have evaluated its contribution to TAC PKs. Here, we explore the associations between the gut microbiota composition and TAC PKs.

Gut microbiota alterations induced by intensive chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia patients are associated with gut barrier dysfunction and body weight loss.

Background & Aims: Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) chemotherapy has been reported to impact gut microbiota composition. In this study, we investigated using a multi -omics strategy the changes in the gut microbiome induced by AML intense therapy and their association with gut barrier function and cachectic hallmarks.

Methods: 10 AML patients, allocated to standard induction chemotherapy (SIC), were recruited.

Gut microbiome modulates tacrolimus pharmacokinetics through the transcriptional regulation of ABCB1.

Background: Following solid organ transplantation, tacrolimus (TAC) is an essential drug in the immunosuppressive strategy. Its use constitutes a challenge due to its narrow therapeutic index and its high inter- and intra-pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. As the contribution of the gut microbiota to drug metabolism is now emerging, it might be explored as one of the factors explaining TAC PK variability.

Probiotics for children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (PruSAM study): A randomized controlled trial in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) contributes to nearly 1 million deaths annually worldwide, with diarrhea and pneumonia being the common morbidity associated with mortality.

Objectives: To assess the effect of probiotics on diarrhea, pneumonia, and nutritional recovery in children with uncomplicated SAM.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted involving 400 children with uncomplicated SAM randomly assigned to ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) either with (n = 200) or without (n = 200) probiotics.

Impairment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling promotes hepatic disorders in cancer cachexia.

Background: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed in the intestine and liver, where it has pleiotropic functions and target genes. This study aims to explore the potential implication of AHR in cancer cachexia, an inflammatory and metabolic syndrome contributing to cancer death. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that targeting AHR can alleviate cachectic features, particularly through the gut-liver axis.

Oral metformin transiently lowers post-prandial glucose response by reducing the apical expression of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in enterocytes.

Metformin (MET) is the most prescribed antidiabetic drug, but its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Recent data point to the gut as MET's primary target. Here, we explored the effect of MET on the gut glucose transport machinery.

Validation of a fast and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS quantitative method for N-acyl taurine analysis in biological samples.

The recent discovery of N-acyl taurines (NATs) as a class of endogenous bioactive lipids and the perspective of their possible pharmacological applications stimulated the development of mass spectrometry-based methods for their quantitative measurements in biological tissues and fluids. We report here for the first time a procedure validated both in liver surrogate matrix and neat solvent (MeOH) based on UPLC-ESI-QqQ analysis for the identification and quantification of NATs in biological tissue extracts. The LC-MS method was based on five representative lipid analogues, including saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated species, namely N-palmitoyl taurine (C16:0 NAT), N-oleoyl taurine (C18:1 NAT), N-arachidonoyl taurine (C20:4 NAT), N-docosanoyl taurine (C22:0 NAT) and N-nervonoyl taurine (C24:1 NAT), and evaluated for specificity, linearity, matrix effect, recovery, repeatability and intermediate precision and accuracy.