Addressing conceptual and design gaps in the oncology nutrition evidence base during chemotherapy: contributions of the Exercise and Nutrition Interventions to Improve Cancer Treatment-Related Outcomes Consortium.

Evidence to support the development of practice guidelines on nutrition interventions during active cancer treatment is limited despite the established role of nutrition in cancer prevention and long-term survivorship. To address this gap, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) funded the Exercise and Nutrition Interventions to Improve Cancer Treatment-Related Outcomes (ENICTO) research consortium. This manuscript focuses on the nutrition-specific work within the ENICTO Consortium.

Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: An analysis from 30 prospective studies across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.

Background: Alcohol is a known carcinogen, yet the evidence for an association with pancreatic cancer risk is considered as limited or inconclusive by international expert panels. We examined the association between alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk in a large consortium of prospective studies.

Methods And Findings: Population-based individual-level data was pooled from 30 cohorts across four continents, including Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.

Implementation of Health IT for Cancer Screening in US Primary Care: Scoping Review.

Background: A substantial percentage of the US population is not up to date on guideline-recommended cancer screenings. Identifying interventions that effectively improve screening rates would enhance the delivery of such screening. Interventions involving health IT (HIT) show promise, but much remains unknown about how HIT is optimized to support cancer screening in primary care.

Body composition and chemotherapy toxicity among women treated for breast cancer: a systematic review.

Purpose: Toxicity is a significant problem among women receiving systemic chemotherapy for breast cancer, with up to 60% experiencing hematologic and 14% experiencing non-hematologic toxicity. Chemotherapy is dosed using body surface area, which does not account for heterogeneity in lean body mass (LBM) and adipose tissue (AT). This systematic review, registered with the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (#CRD42021279874), evaluates associations between body composition and chemotherapy-related toxicity during breast cancer treatment.

Furan Metabolites Are Elevated in Users of Various Tobacco Products and Cannabis.

Humans are exposed to furan, a toxicant and possible human carcinogen, through multiple sources including diet and tobacco smoke. The urinary metabolites of furan are derived from the reaction of its toxic metabolite with protein nucleophiles and are biomarkers of exposure and potential harm. An established isotopic dilution liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry method was used to measure these biomarkers in urine from users of e-cigarettes, cannabis, and/or combustible tobacco with/without reduced nicotine levels.

Modification of the Association Between Frequent Aspirin Use and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Using Individual-Level Data From Two Ovarian Cancer Consortia.

Purpose: Frequent aspirin use has been associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk, but no study has comprehensively assessed for effect modification. We leveraged harmonized, individual-level data from 17 studies to examine the association between frequent aspirin use and ovarian cancer risk, overall and across subgroups of women with other ovarian cancer risk factors.

Methods: Nine cohort studies from the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium (n = 2,600 cases) and eight case-control studies from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (n = 5,726 cases) were included.

Prevalence of Food Insecurity Among Cancer Survivors in the United States: A Scoping Review.

Background: Medical financial hardship is an increasingly common consequence of cancer treatment and can lead to food insecurity. However, food security status is not routinely assessed in the health care setting, and the prevalence of food insecurity among cancer survivors is unknown.

Objective: This scoping review aimed to identify the prevalence of food insecurity among cancer survivors in the United States before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prediagnosis Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Lung Cancer Survival: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohorts.

Background: Little is known about the association between physical activity before cancer diagnosis and survival among lung cancer patients. In this pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohorts, we investigated associations of prediagnosis leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with all-cause and lung cancer-specific mortality among incident lung cancer patients.

Methods: Using self-reported data on regular engagement in exercise and sports activities collected at study enrollment, we assessed metabolic equivalent hours (MET-h) of prediagnosis LTPA per week.

Adherence to 5 Diet Quality Indices and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Large US Prospective Cohort.

Few prospective studies have examined associations between diet quality and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), or comprehensively compared diet quality indices. We conducted a prospective analysis of adherence to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, alternative HEI-2010, alternate Mediterranean diet (aMed), and 2 versions of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH; Fung and Mellen) and PDAC within the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study (United States, 1995-2011). The dietary quality indices were calculated using responses from a 124-item food frequency questionnaire completed by 535,824 participants (315,780 men and 220,044 women).

Dairy foods, calcium, and risk of breast cancer overall and for subtypes defined by estrogen receptor status: a pooled analysis of 21 cohort studies.

Background: Epidemiologic studies examining the relations between dairy product and calcium intakes and breast cancer have been inconclusive, especially for tumor subtypes.

Objective: To evaluate the associations between intakes of specific dairy products and calcium and risk of breast cancer overall and for subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER) status.

Method: We pooled the individual-level data of over 1 million women who were followed for a maximum of 8-20 years across studies.

Association of the Age at Menarche with Site-Specific Cancer Risks in Pooled Data from Nine Cohorts.

The average age at menarche declined in European and U.S. populations during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Associations of coffee and tea consumption with lung cancer risk.

Associations of coffee and tea consumption with lung cancer risk have been inconsistent, and most lung cancer cases investigated were smokers. Included in this study were over 1.1 million participants from 17 prospective cohorts.

Body size and weight change over adulthood and risk of breast cancer by menopausal and hormone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective cohort studies.

Associations between anthropometric factors and breast cancer (BC) risk have varied inconsistently by estrogen and/or progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status. Associations between prediagnostic anthropometric factors and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal BC overall and ER/PR status subtypes were investigated in a pooled analysis of 20 prospective cohorts, including 36,297 BC cases among 1,061,915 women, using multivariable Cox regression analyses, controlling for reproductive factors, diet and other risk factors. We estimated dose-response relationships and tested for nonlinear associations using restricted cubic splines.

Ovarian Cancer Risk Factor Associations by Primary Anatomic Site: The Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium.

Background: Epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers have shared developmental pathways. Few studies have prospectively examined heterogeneity in risk factor associations across these three anatomic sites.

Methods: We identified 3,738 ovarian, 337 peritoneal, and 176 fallopian tube incident cancer cases in 891,731 women from 15 prospective cohorts in the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium.

Perspective: Chaos in a Bottle-A Critical Evaluation of Beverage Categorization in Nutrition Research.

Beverage consumption is an important contributor to total daily calorie intake among children and adolescents. While associations between excess calories from beverages and development of obesity are well established, a standardized approach for beverage categorization does not exist. As a result, there is marked heterogeneity in assessment and categorization of beverage intake across studies.

Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma among women: results from cohort studies in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project and the UK Biobank.

Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arises from cholangiocytes in the intrahepatic bile duct and is the second most common type of liver cancer. Cholangiocytes express both oestrogen receptor-α and -β, and oestrogens positively modulate cholangiocyte proliferation. Studies in women and men have reported higher circulating oestradiol is associated with increased ICC risk, further supporting a hormonal aetiology.

The Risk of Ovarian Cancer Increases with an Increase in the Lifetime Number of Ovulatory Cycles: An Analysis from the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium (OC3).

Repeated exposure to the acute proinflammatory environment that follows ovulation at the ovarian surface and distal fallopian tube over a woman's reproductive years may increase ovarian cancer risk. To address this, analyses included individual-level data from 558,709 naturally menopausal women across 20 prospective cohorts, among whom 3,246 developed invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (2,045 serous, 319 endometrioid, 184 mucinous, 121 clear cell, 577 other/unknown). Cox models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs between lifetime ovulatory cycles (LOC) and its components and ovarian cancer risk overall and by histotype.

Substitution of sugar-sweetened beverages for other beverages and the risk of developing coronary heart disease: Results from the Harvard Pooling Project of Diet and Coronary Disease.

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with metabolic disorders. The reduction of SSB intake has been promoted to prevent death and disability from chronic diseases. We investigated the association between SSB intake and the risk of coronary events and death, and assessed if substitution of coffee, tea, milk, fruit juice and artificially-sweetened beverages (ASB) for SSBs was associated with a reduced risk of coronary events and death.

Sustained Weight Loss and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women 50 Years and Older: A Pooled Analysis of Prospective Data.

Background: Excess body weight is an established cause of postmenopausal breast cancer, but it is unknown if weight loss reduces risk.

Methods: Associations between weight change and risk of breast cancer were examined among women aged 50 years and older in the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. In 10 cohorts, weight assessed on three surveys was used to examine weight change patterns over approximately 10 years (interval 1 median = 5.