Serum ergothioneine and risk of dementia in a general older Japanese population: the Hisayama Study.

Aim: To investigate the association between serum ergothioneine and risk of developing dementia and its subtypes in a community-dwelling older population.

Methods: In this prospective longitudinal analysis of participants enrolled in the Hisayama Study, 1344 Japanese community-residents aged 65 years and over without dementia at baseline were followed prospectively for a median of 11.2 years (2012-2023).

Illuminating radiogenomic signatures in pediatric-type diffuse gliomas: insights into molecular, clinical, and imaging correlations. Part I: high-grade group.

Recent advances in molecular genetics have revolutionized the classification of pediatric-type high-grade gliomas in the 2021 World Health Organization central nervous system tumor classification. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the following four tumor types: diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered; diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant; diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype; and infant-type hemispheric glioma. We conducted a comprehensive literature search for articles published through January 2025.

Evaluation of intra-fractional target displacement by patient motion during a single-isocenter multi-target stereotactic radiation therapy for brain metastases.

Background: Single-isocenter multi-target volumetric modulated arc therapy (SIMT-VMAT) has been implemented widely in fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (fSRS) to treat brain metastases. The impact of rotational intra-fractional patient motion (IFPM) is influenced by the distance between the geometric target's center and the isocenter (DTI).

Purpose: We hypothesized that IFPM's impact on each target would increase with greater DTI during fSRS.

Assessment of prognostic value and development of predictive model for prolonged lymphopenia in patients with glioblastoma following chemoradiotherapy.

Lymphopenia during chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for glioblastoma has been shown to be a poor prognostic factor. However, the relationship between prolonged lymphopenia (PL) after CRT and prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between PL and glioblastoma prognosis and develop a predictive model for PL risk.

Recurrence patterns and clinical outcomes in adult cerebellar glioblastoma.

Background: Cerebellar glioblastoma in adults is a rare brain tumor with poor outcomes. This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, genetic features, and prognosis of a series of cerebellar glioblastomas, with special attention to their recurrence patterns.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent treatment between 2008 and 2023.

Advances in renal cancer: diagnosis, treatment, and emerging technologies.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of current practices and recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cancer. It introduces updates in histological classification and explains the imaging characteristics of each tumour based on these changes. The review highlights state-of-the-art imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and ultrasound, emphasising their crucial role in tumour characterisation and optimising treatment planning.

Recent advances in theranostics and oncology PET: emerging radionuclides and targets.

Theranostics, a novel integrated approach that combines cancer diagnosis and therapy by switching the radionuclide, has attracted growing attention. Various oncology PET probes other than FDG have been developed for the highly sensitive and precise detection of many types of cancer with the advancements in PET scanners, supporting the innovative development in theranostics. In therapeutic applications, radioligand therapy targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTR) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has already demonstrated significant clinical benefits.

Illuminating radiogenomic signatures in pediatric-type diffuse gliomas: insights into molecular, clinical, and imaging correlations. Part II: low-grade group.

The fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors represents a significant advancement in the molecular-genetic classification of pediatric-type diffuse gliomas. This article comprehensively summarizes the clinical, molecular, and radiological imaging features in pediatric-type low-grade gliomas (pLGGs), including MYB- or MYBL1-altered tumors, polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY), and diffuse low-grade glioma, MAPK pathway-altered. Most pLGGs harbor alterations in the RAS/MAPK pathway, functioning as "one pathway disease".

Characteristics of ergothioneine distribution across skeletal muscles and adipose tissues.

Ergothioneine (EGT), a food-derived amino acid, is distributed to various organs via the carnitine/organic cation transporter, OCTN1. However, the distribution characteristics of EGT across different skeletal muscles and adipose tissues remains unexplored. This study evaluated the distribution of EGT and OCTN1 mRNA expression in the soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris muscle, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) of middle-aged C57BL/6 J wild-type male mice, which were orally administered 20 mg/kg of EGT once daily for up to 56 days.

Estimation and Validation of an Effective Ergothioneine Dose for Improved Sleep Quality Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model.

A four-week administration of 20 mg/day ergothioneine (EGT), a strong antioxidant, improves sleep quality; however, its effect at lower doses remains unclear. This study estimated the lower effective doses of EGT using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in two clinical trials. In Study 1, participants received 5 or 10 mg/day of EGT for 8 weeks, and their plasma and blood EGT concentrations were measured.

The glymphatic system in oncology: from the perspective of a radiation oncologist.

The brain and spinal cord, which constitute the central nervous system, were historically considered immune-privileged sites, as it was believed they lacked an equivalent to the systemic lymphatic system. However, in 2013, a pathway facilitating the clearance of waste products through the brain parenchyma via the perivascular space was proposed, garnering attention as the 'glymphatic system'. Similar to the systemic lymphatic system, the glymphatic system plays a critical role in immune responses and has been implicated not only in Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory brain disorders but also in conditions such as hydrocephalus and glaucoma, which are associated with cerebrospinal fluid circulation impairments.

Isolation of Allosteric Tryptase Inhibitor from Methanol Extract of Rhubarb and Enhancement of Its Tryptase Inhibitory Activity by Compounds That Were Screened by In Silico Screening.

Tryptase, which is abundant in human mast cells and is involved in allergic inflammations such as asthma, is a serine protease. We isolated a tryptase inhibitor, procyanidin B8 3,3'-di--gallate (PB8GG'), a tannin, from the methanol extract of rhubarb (RHEI RHIDOMA), which is a traditional Chinese medicine (Kampo medicine in Japan). Since it did not inhibit another serine protease trypsin, PB8GG' specifically inhibited tryptase.

Mature teratoma with a germinoma component presenting with undetectable placental alkaline phosphatase in cerebrospinal fluid: illustrative case.

Background: Diagnosing intracranial mixed germ cell tumors (GCTs) can be challenging due to intratumoral heterogeneity. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a highly sensitive and specific marker for identifying pure germinomas and germinoma components within mixed GCTs.

Observations: The authors present the case of a 6-year-old boy presenting with a 5-day history of vomiting and headache.

Long-Term Outcome and Social-Intellectual Ability of Patients With Basal Ganglia Germinoma.

Background: In this study, we aimed at delineating the still ambiguous clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of basal ganglia (BG) germinoma from the aspect of recurrence-free survival as well as social and intellectual activity.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and imaging data for 12 patients with BG germinoma diagnosed and treated between 1996 and 2020, collecting the most recent status via medical records or telephone from the patients.

Results: The tumors involved the right and left sides and bilateral locations in three, seven, and two cases, respectively.

Optimizing oral 3-hydroxybutyrate dosage using pharmacokinetic model to improve cognitive function and mood in healthy subjects.

Introduction: The brain uses ketones, mainly 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), as an alternative energy source. Therefore, oral intake of 3-HB may help maintain brain health. Previous studies indicated that achieving a maximum concentration (C) of 3-HB in plasma at 0.

Normal tissue complication probability model for severe radiation-induced lymphopenia in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Background And Purpose: Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) may be associated with a worse prognosis in pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to develop a normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model to predict severe RIL in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).

Materials And Methods: We reviewed pancreatic cancer patients treated at our facility for model training and internal validation.

Geometric target margin strategy of proton craniospinal irradiation for pediatric medulloblastoma.

In proton craniospinal irradiation (CSI) for skeletally immature pediatric patients, a treatment plan should be developed to ensure that the dose is uniformly delivered to all vertebrae, considering the effects on bone growth balance. The technical (t) clinical target volume (CTV) is conventionally set by manually expanding the CTV from the entire intracranial space and thecal sac, based on the physician's experience. However, there are differences in contouring methods among physicians.

Clinical outcome, radiological findings, and genetic features of IDH-mutant brainstem glioma in adults.

Background: With the recent advent of genetic testing, IDH-mutant glioma has been found among adult brainstem gliomas. However, the clinical outcome and prognosis of IDH-mutant brainstem gliomas in adults have not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcome, radiological findings, and genetic features of adult patients with IDH-mutant diffuse brainstem gliomas.

A Single-Institution Prospective Study To Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Real- Time Image-Gated Spot-Scanning Proton Therapy (RGPT) for Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: In real-time image-gated spot-scanning proton therapy (RGPT), the dose distribution is distorted by gold fiducial markers placed in the prostate. Distortion can be suppressed by using small markers and more than 2 fields, but additional fields may increase the dose to organs at risk. Therefore, we conducted a prospective study to evaluate the safety and short-term clinical outcome of RGPT for prostate cancer.

Probability of normal tissue complications for hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity in postoperative whole pelvic radiotherapy for gynecologic malignancies using intensity-modulated proton therapy with robust optimization.

This retrospective treatment-planning study was conducted to determine whether intensity-modulated proton therapy with robust optimization (ro-IMPT) reduces the risk of acute hematologic toxicity (H-T) and acute and late gastrointestinal toxicity (GI-T) in postoperative whole pelvic radiotherapy for gynecologic malignancies when compared with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated X-ray (IMXT) and single-field optimization proton beam (SFO-PBT) therapies. All plans were created for 13 gynecologic-malignancy patients. The prescribed dose was 45 GyE in 25 fractions for 95% planning target volume in 3D-CRT, IMXT and SFO-PBT plans and for 99% clinical target volume (CTV) in ro-IMPT plans.