Systematic Review of Parent-Youth Discrepancies in Exposures to Community Violence.

Past studies have consistently found that different informants disagree on ratings of youth's experiences. For instance, parents and youth report different prevalence and frequency ratings of youth's exposure to community violence (ECV), with past studies demonstrating that parents typically underreport youth's ECV compared to the youth. However, recent studies with advanced statistical analyses revealed more nuanced patterns of reports, with some parents overreporting their youth's ECV, some underreporting it, and other parent-youth dyads agreeing that the youth either did or did not experience ECV.

The effects of maternal childhood victimization on depression, harsh parenting, and child externalizing problems over 10 years.

Physical and sexual abuse have far-reaching mental and behavioral health consequences, extending across the lifespan and, in some cases, across generations. However, empirical work in this area is limited by cross-sectional study designs, short follow-up durations, and data analytic techniques that fail to capture the nuanced developmental processes through which caregivers and children impact one another. The present study investigated the cross-lagged and bidirectional pathways between maternal childhood victimization, depression, harsh parenting, and their children's externalizing symptoms over a 10-year period.

Mother-child dyadic responses to children facing challenges: An examination across ethnicities.

The current study (a) examined ethnic differences in mothers' and children's responses to children's performance in a challenging task, (b) tested the associations among children's desire for assistance, maternal control, and children's emotional responses to the challenge, and (c) explored whether these associations held across three ethnicities-Asian Americans (AA), Latinx Americans (LA), and European Americans (EA). Results showed that children's emotional arousal significantly increased and emotional valence became significantly less positive over the course of children experiencing repeated challenges in front of their mothers. In terms of ethnic differences, LA mothers exhibited more control than EA mothers, but LA children responded less negatively to the challenging task than EA children.

Everyday Conflict in Families at Risk for Violence Exposure: Examining Unique, Bidirectional Associations with Children's Anxious- and Withdrawn-Depressed Symptoms.

Exposure to family conflict during childhood increases risk for the development of anxiety and mood problems, though the potential for bidirectionality in this association remains unknown. It is also unclear whether nonviolent family conflict is related to children's anxious- and withdrawn-depressive symptoms within high-risk family contexts, independent of more severe events such as children's exposure to violent victimization. Participants included 1,281 children and their caregivers identified as being at high risk for family violence, interviewed prospectively at ages 6, 8, and 10 about family conflict, children's anxious- and withdrawn-depressive behaviors, and children's victimization experiences.

Parents' depressive symptoms and reflective functioning predict parents' proficiency in relational savoring and children's physiological regulation.

This study examined parental depression and parental reflective functioning (PRF) as predictors of parental proficiency in relational savoring (RS), the association between RS proficiency and a marker of children's physiological self-regulation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), during a stressor, and indirect effects of parental depression and PRF on children's RSA via parents' RS. At Time 1 (T1), parents of 8- to 12-year-old children ( = 139) reported on their depressive symptoms and completed a parenting interview, coded for PRF. After 1.

Bidirectional associations between family conflict and child behavior problems in families at risk for maltreatment.

Background: Children's exposure to family conflict is associated with the development of behavior problems. However, it remains unclear whether this association (1) functions bidirectionally and (2) exists independent of more severe forms of violent victimization.

Objective: The present study aimed to examine bidirectional and transactional associations between family conflict and children's behavioral problems, controlling for time-varying violent victimization experiences.

Conduct Problems As a Pathway From Childhood Adversity to Community Violence Exposure: The Protective Roles of Caregiver Knowledge and Involvement.

Exposure to community violence (ECV) poses a prevalent threat to the health and development of adolescents. Research indicates those who have more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are at higher risk for ECV, which further exacerbates risk of negative mental and physical health impacts. Additionally, those with more ACEs are more likely to exhibit conduct problems, which has also been linked to risk for ECV.

Trajectories of adolescent psychopathology among youth who were maltreated and placed in out-of-home care.

Background: Although researchers have found an increased risk for psychopathology among maltreated adolescents placed in out-of-home care, different trajectories of psychopathology by out-of-home placements have not been previously studied.

Objective: The current study is built on previous investigation of youth in different long-term out-of-home placements and examined the trajectories of adolescent psychopathology by out-of-home placement classes.

Participants And Setting: We leveraged data from the Southwestern site of the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect.

Differences in late adolescent psychopathology among youth with histories of co-occurring abuse and neglect experiences.

Background: Knowledge about the impacts of child abuse and neglect (CAN) experiences on late adolescent psychopathology has been limited by a failure to consider the frequent co-occurrence of CAN types and potential unique impacts of specific combinations.

Objective: Using person-centered analyses, we aimed to identify unobserved groups of youth with similar patterns of lifetime CAN experiences before age 16 and differences in psychopathology symptom counts between groups two years later.

Participants And Setting: Participants were 919 adolescent-caregiver dyads (56% female; 56% Black, 7% Latina/o, 13% mixed/other).

Intergenerational Transmission of Abusive Parenting: Role of Prospective Maternal Distress and Family Violence.

Parents who were abused as children are at increased risk for perpetuating maladaptive parenting practices, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. This study prospectively examined maternal distress (a latent variable consisting of depressive symptoms and daily stress) and family violence as potential mediators in the intergenerational transmission of abusive (i.e.

Relational savoring: An attachment-based approach to promoting interpersonal flourishing.

Our purpose is to introduce a novel technique for evoking emotions associated with moments of closeness with another person (relational savoring), to describe its theoretical grounding, specifics of treatment targets and outcomes, as well as to provide the preliminary evidence for its efficacy in promoting flourishing. We rely on attachment theory, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, and emotion-focused therapy as foundations for our understanding of how secure relationships are built and maintained and for proposing how relational savoring can promote flourishing through strengthening relationships. To illustrate specific mechanisms of change, we provide examples from a recently completed study of mothers of young children.

Therapist-Client Language Matching: Initial Promise as a Measure of Therapist-Client Relationship Quality.

While research suggests that the therapeutic alliance is important in predicting outcomes of psychotherapy, relatively little is known about the development of the alliance or the moment-to-moment components of the relationship and how they combine to create an alliance, which may represent a serious limitation in existing methods of measurement. Language style matching (LSM), or the degree to which unconscious aspects of an interactional partner's language mimic that of the other partner, is a promising, unobtrusive measure of interaction quality that could provide novel insight into the therapist-client alliance. In this article, we present a theoretical argument regarding the trajectory of therapist-client LSM across therapy sessions, as well as potential precursors and consequences of LSM.

School-Aged Children With Higher Reflective Functioning Exhibit Lower Cardiovascular Reactivity.

Despite extensive theorizing regarding the regulatory role of reflective functioning (RF), few studies have explored the links between RF and physiological indices of emotion regulation, and none have examined these associations in children. Further, while scholars contend that RF promotes resilience via enhanced ability to process emotional experiences, including those occurring in attachment relationships, this argument has seldom been tested empirically in children. In the current study, we explore the association between RF and physiological measures of emotion reactivity and regulation, as well as the interaction of RF and attachment insecurity.

Reflective functioning, physiological reactivity, and overcontrol in mothers: Links with school-aged children's reflective functioning.

Theorists argue that parental reflective functioning (PRF) is activated in response to emotions, potentially supporting parenting sensitivity even when arousal is high. That is, when parents become emotionally reactive when interacting with their children, those who can use PRF to understand their children's mental states should be able to parent sensitively, which, in turn, should promote children's ability to understand their own mental states. We test this theory by examining whether, in the face of physiological reactivity, mothers' PRF inhibits one form of parenting insensitivity, overcontrol (OC), and whether this process in turn predicts children's RF.