Assessment of the steady-state drug-drug interactions between dolutegravir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir in adolescents.

Objectives: DTG is primarily metabolized by the UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1, and to a lesser extent by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Co-administration of DRV/r has been reported to decrease DTG plasma concentrations. Our aim was to distinguish the extent of the drug-drug interactions between DRV/r and DTG, and to evaluate the consequences of this interaction, in adolescents at steady state.

Viral suppression, viral failure and safety outcomes in children and adolescents living with HIV on dolutegravir in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Dolutegravir (DTG) is a preferred anchor antiretroviral therapy (ART) for children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV).

Methods: We assessed the effectiveness and safety of DTG in CALHIV aged 0-18 years at DTG start in routine care in Europe and Thailand, including viral suppression (viral load (VL)<50copies/mL), cumulative incidence of viral failure (VF) (confirmed VL≥400copies/mL) and associated factors, adverse events (AEs) and DTG discontinuation. VF on DTG was compared to children on protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens in the same cohorts.

Long-term non-progression in children with HIV: estimates from international cohort data.

Objectives: To estimate the probability of long-term nonprogression (LTNP) in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in children with perinatally acquired HIV, and the impact of LTNP definitions on these estimates.

Design: Analysis of longitudinal routine care data (follow-up to 2016) collected through a collaboration of cohorts of children in routine HIV care across Europe and Thailand.

Methods: LTNP was defined as reaching age 8 years without disease progression (defined as an AIDS diagnosis or immunosuppression based on WHO immunosuppression-for-age thresholds, age-adjusted CD4 +z -scores or CD4 + counts).

Effectiveness and safety of the recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in different population groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Varicella-zoster virus infections have increased globally, with complications such as postherpetic neuralgia and neurological sequelae. The recombinant vaccine against herpes zoster is proposed as a preventive strategy. This systematic review evaluates its effectiveness and safety in healthy and high-risk populations.

Simultaneous pharmacokinetic modeling of unbound and total darunavir with ritonavir in adolescents: a substudy of the SMILE trial.

Darunavir (DRV) is an HIV protease inhibitor commonly used as part of antiretroviral treatment regimens globally for children and adolescents. It requires a pharmacological booster, such as ritonavir (RTV) or cobicistat. To better understand the pharmacokinetics (PK) of DRV in this younger population and the importance of the RTV boosting effect, a population PK substudy was conducted within SMILE trial, where the maintenance of HIV suppression with once daily integrate inhibitor + darunavir/ritonavir in children and adolescents is evaluated.

Integrase inhibitors in children and adolescents: clinical use and resistance.

Background: Although integrase inhibitor (INI)-based regimens are now the first-line choice for all people living with HIV, experience among children and adolescents is still scarce. We describe the characteristics and outcomes of a paediatric/adolescent cohort on INI-based ART.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of HIV-infected patients below 18 years of age who started an INI-based regimen from 2007 to 2019, enrolled in the Spanish National Adult (CoRIS) and Paediatric (CoRISpe) cohorts.

Nutritional Supplementation to Increase Influenza Vaccine Response in Children Living With HIV: A Pilot Clinical Trial.

Aims: Vaccine response is poor among children living with HIV. The gut microbiota has been identified as a potential target to improve vaccine immunogenicity, but data are scarce in the context of HIV infection.

Methods: Pilot, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in which 24 HIV-infected children were randomized to receive a mixture of symbiotics, omega-3/6 fatty acids, and amino acids or placebo for 4 weeks, each in combination with ART, and were then immunized against influenza.

miRNA Profile Based on ART Delay in Vertically Infected HIV-1 Youths Is Associated With Inflammatory Biomarkers and Activation and Maturation Immune Levels.

Early antiretroviral treatment (ART) in vertically acquired HIV-1-infection is associated with a rapid viral suppression, small HIV-1 reservoir, reduced morbimortality and preserved immune functions. We investigated the miRNA profile from vertically acquired HIV-1-infected young adults based on ART initiation delay and its association with the immune system activation. Using a microRNA panel and multiparametric flow cytometry, miRNome profile obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its association with adaptive and innate immune components were studied on vertically HIV-1-infected young adults who started ART early (EARLY, 0-53 weeks after birth) and later (LATE, 120-300 weeks).

Children living with HIV in Europe: do migrants have worse treatment outcomes?

Objectives: To assess the effect of migrant status on treatment outcomes among children living with HIV in Europe.

Methods: Children aged < 18 years at the start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in European paediatric HIV observational cohorts where ≥ 5% of children were migrants (defined as born abroad) were included. Three outcomes were considered: (i) severe immunosuppression-for-age; (ii) viraemic viral load (≥ 400 copies/mL) at 1 year after ART initiation; and (iii) AIDS/death after ART initiation.

Next Generation Sequencing for Detecting Somatic Mutations in Patients With Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome.

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a primary immune regulatory disorder clinically defined by chronic and benign lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity and an increased risk of lymphoma due to a genetic defect in the FAS-FASL apoptotic pathway. Genetic defects associated with ALPS are germinal and somatic mutations in gene, in addition to germinal mutations in and genes. The accumulation of CD3+TCRαβ+CD4-CD8- double negative T-cells (DNT) is a hallmark of the disease and 20-25% of ALPS patients show heterozygous somatic mutations restricted to DNT in the gene (ALPS-sFAS patients).

Effects of perinatal HIV-infection on the cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volumes in young adulthood.

Brain atrophy has been observed in perinatally HIV-infected patients (PHIV) despite initiation on combined antiretroviral treatment (cART), but neuroimaging studies are limited. We aimed to evaluate cortical thickness (CT) and subcortical gray matter (GM) volumes of PHIV youths with stable immunovirological situation and with a normal daily performance.A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted.

A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies in Perinatally HIV-Infected Individuals.

Over the past few years, neuroimaging studies have been performed in young adults with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) to study the impact of HIV infection on the central nervous system (CNS), but no recent review have been published. This review aims to identify brain areas where PHIV eems to have greater impact taking into account demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics in PHIV infected patients. For this purpose, PubMed and Medline searches were carried out which included studies from 2010 to April 2020.

Prevalence of M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.

Objectives: We analysed the prevalence of M184V/I and/or K65R/E/N mutations archived in proviral DNA (pDNA) in youths with perinatal HIV, virological control and who previously carried these resistance mutations in historic plasma samples.

Methods: We included vertically HIV-infected youths/young adults aged ≥10 years in the Madrid Cohort of HIV-1 Infected Children and Adolescents, exposed to lamivudine and/or emtricitabine, with M184V/I and/or K65R/E/N in historic plasma samples, on antiretroviral therapy (ART), virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL), and with available PBMCs in the Spanish HIV BioBank. Genomic DNA was extracted from PBMCs and HIV-1 RT gene was amplified and sequenced for resistance testing by Stanford HIV Resistance tool.

Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis With Systemic Dissemination in a Preterm Infant.

Congenital cutaneous candidiasis is an infrequent invasive fungal infection that usually appears in the first days of life. Extremely low birth weight infants are the most frequently affected. Classic presentation includes diffuse extensive erythematous rash with papules, plaques, pustules and vesicles, which later undergoes desquamation.

Clinical, Immunological, and Virological Outcomes Among Youths With Perinatal HIV After Transition to Adult Units in Spain From 1997 to 2016.

Background: Children living with HIV are reaching adulthood and transitioning to adult clinics. This study aimed to describe clinical and immunovirological status after transition in patients with perinatal HIV.

Methods: Patients participating in the Spanish multicenter pediatric HIV cohort (CoRISpe) transferred to adult care (FARO cohort) from 1997 to 2016 were included.

Virological outcome among HIV infected patients transferred from pediatric care to adult units in Madrid, Spain (1997-2017).

The aim of this transversal study was to describe the virological and immunological features of HIV-infected youths transferred from pediatric to adult care units since 1997 vs. the non-transferred patients from the Madrid Cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents in Spain. We included 106 non-transferred and 184 transferred patients under clinical follow-up in 17 public hospitals in Madrid by the end of December 2017.

Effect of a Nutritional Intervention on the Intestinal Microbiota of Vertically HIV-Infected Children: The Pediabiota Study.

Aims: The gut microbiota exerts a critical influence in the immune system. The gut microbiota of human virus immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected children remains barely explored. We aimed to characterize the fecal microbiota in vertically HIV-infected children and to explore the effects of its modulation with a symbiotic nutritional intervention.

Variable immunodeficiency study: Evaluation of two European cohorts within a variety of clinical phenotypes.

Introduction: Given the wide heterogeneity of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), several groups have proposed clinical and immunological classifications to better define follow-up and prognostic algorithms. The present study aims to validate recent clinical and laboratory algorithms, based on different combinations of CVID biomarkers, to provide more personalized treatment and follow-up strategies.

Methods: We analysed clinical and immunological features of 80 patients with suspected or diagnosed CVID, in two reference centres of Portugal and Spain.

Neurocognitive and quality of life study in perinatally HIV-infected young people and their peers. NeuroCoRISpeS study.

Background: Assessing the role of HIV and non-HIV related factors is essential for a better understanding of the neurocognitive outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) young people. The aim of our study was to assess cognition and quality of life (QoL) of a PHIV+ cohort of young people and to compare it with a control group.

Methods: Thirty PHIV+ and 30 HIV(-) healthy young adults matched by age, sex and socioeconomic status completed a protocol that included neurocognitive tests, a psychosocial semi-structured interview and a QoL questionnaire (PedsQL).

Analysis of the impact of diagnostic virology tests on the use of antibiotics in paediatric inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Introduction: Viruses are one of the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. Early identification of respiratory viruses could result in a decrease in the use of antibiotics.

Methods: Observational, retrospective study from January 2014 to June 2018, that included paediatric patients admitted with a diagnosis of CAP in a tertiary hospital, in which antigenic tests and/or viral PCR on a respiratory sample was performed.

Sociodemographic changes and trends in the rates of new perinatal HIV diagnoses and transmission in Spain from 1997 to 2015.

Background: There are not enough nationwide studies on perinatal HIV transmission in connection with a combination of antiretroviral treatments in Spain. Our objectives were to study sociodemographic changes and trends in the rates of HIV diagnoses and perinatal transmission in Spain from 1997 to 2015.

Methods: A retrospective study using data from Spanish Paediatric HIV Network (CoRISpe) and Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set (MDBS) was performed.