Predominantly cystic clear cell renal cell carcinoma and multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential form a low-grade spectrum.

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma has been recently excluded from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) category and re-designated as multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP) due to its uniformly good outcomes. While strict distinction between MCRNLMP from predominantly cystic CCRCC (pc-CCRCC) is being emphasized, the significance of extensive true cystic component in CCRCC has not been investigated. Herein, we analyzed 57 MCRNLMP, 69 pc-CCRCC, and 46 non-cystic CCRCC.

Validation of GEMCaP as a DNA Based Biomarker to Predict Prostate Cancer Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy.

Purpose: We aimed to validate GEMCaP (Genomic Evaluators of Metastatic Cancer of the Prostate) as a novel copy number signature predictive of prostate cancer recurrence.

Materials And Methods: We randomly selected patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at Cleveland Clinic or University of Rochester from 2000 to 2005. DNA isolated from the cancer region was extracted and subjected to high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization.

Prostate specific G protein coupled receptor is associated with prostate cancer prognosis and affects cancer cell proliferation and invasion.

Background: There is limited information about the clinical and biological significance of prostate specific G protein coupled receptor (PSGR) in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. Here, we evaluated the expression of PSGR protein, studied its diagnostic and prognostic value in PCa, and also explored its role in cancer cell growth and invasion.

Methods: The expression of PSGR in paired adjacent normal prostate, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and PCa were determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays constructed from 150 radical prostatectomy specimens.

Increased Insulin mRNA Binding Protein-3 Expression Correlates with Vascular Enhancement of Renal Cell Carcinoma by Intravenous Contrast-CT and is Associated with Bone Metastasis.

Purpose: To: 1) assess the correlation between CT vascularity and a candidate molecular marker of RCC metastasis (insulin-like mRNA binding protein-3 (IMP3)); and 2) demonstrate the differential expression of IMP3 in high vs. low vascular tumors.

Experimental Design: Retrospectively obtained contrast CT from 72 patients with primary RCC were used to establish threshold values for Low, Intermediate and High tumor vascularity.

Methodology to study the three-dimensional spatial distribution of prostate cancer and their dependence on clinical parameters.

A methodology to study the relationship between clinical variables [e.g., prostate specific antigen (PSA) or Gleason score] and cancer spatial distribution is described.

Increased androgen receptor gene copy number is associated with TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement in prostatic small cell carcinoma.

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate (PSCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that often develops in patients previously treated with hormonal therapy for metastatic prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma. The TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangement is highly specific for prostate cancer and shared by PSCC; however, the role of androgen receptor (AR) gene alterations and interaction with TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement are incompletely understood in PSCC. Sixty-one cases of PSCC were examined for AR gene copy number and TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and AR protein expression by immunohistochemistry.

Multispectral Photoacoustic Imaging of Prostate Cancer: Preliminary Ex-vivo Results.

Objective: The objective of this study is to validate if ex-vivo multispectral photoacoustic (PA) imaging can differentiate between malignant prostate tissue, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and normal human prostate tissue.

Materials And Methods: Institutional Review Board's approval was obtained for this study. A total of 30 patients undergoing prostatectomy for biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer were included in this study with informed consent.

Influence of histologic criteria and confounding factors in staging equivocal cases for microscopic perivesical tissue invasion (pT3a): an interobserver study among genitourinary pathologists.

Current oncology guidelines and clinical trials consider giving adjuvant chemotherapy to bladder cancer patients with at least microscopic perivesical tissue invasion (MPVTI) (≥pT3a) on cystectomy. The boundary of muscularis propria (MP) and perivesical tissue is commonly ill defined, and hence, when the tumor involves the interface, interpretation of MPVTI is likely to be subjective. In this study, 20 sets of static images that included 1 nontumoral bladder wall for defining MP-perivesical tissue boundary and 19 bladder cancer cases equivocal for MPVTI with confounding factors were sent to 17 expert genitourinary pathologists for review.

Frequent TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement in prostatic small cell carcinoma detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization: the superiority of fluorescence in situ hybridization over ERG immunohistochemistry.

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is both morphologically and immunohistochemically similar to small cell carcinoma of other organs such as the urinary bladder or lung. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion appears to be a highly specific alteration in prostatic carcinoma that is frequently shared by small cell carcinoma. In adenocarcinoma, immunohistochemistry for the ERG protein product has been reported to correlate well with the presence of the gene fusion, although in prostatic small cell carcinoma, this relationship is not completely understood.

Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A in bladder cancer: association with prognosis and regulation by estrogen.

Although UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) plays an important role in preventing bladder cancer initiation by detoxifying carcinogenic compounds, its contribution to bladder cancer progression is poorly understood. We immunohistochemically stained for UGT1A in bladder specimens. UGT1A was positive in 130/145 (90%; 28 [19%] weak, 53 [37%] moderate, and 49 [34%] strong) urothelial neoplasms, which was significantly weaker than in matched non-neoplastic urothelial tissues (100/101 [99%]; 2 [2%] weak, 17 [17%] moderate, and 81 [80%] strong).

Optical property measurements establish the feasibility of photodynamic therapy as a minimally invasive intervention for tumors of the kidney.

We measured the optical properties of freshly excised kidneys with renal parenchymal tumors to assess the feasibility of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in these patients. Kidneys were collected from 16 patients during surgical nephrectomies. Spatially resolved, white light, steady-state diffuse reflectance measurements were performed on normal and neoplastic tissue identified by a pathologist.

Seminal plasma proteins in prostatic carcinoma: increased nuclear semenogelin I expression is a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Semenogelins and eppin are seminal plasma proteins that form a complex and inhibit sperm motility. However, the role of these proteins in prostate cancer is poorly understood. We immunohistochemically stained for semenogelins I and II and eppin in 291 radical prostatectomy specimens.

GATA binding protein 3 is down-regulated in bladder cancer yet strong expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in invasive tumor.

Although GATA binding protein 3, a zinc finger transcription factor and an estrogen receptor-regulated gene, has recently been suggested as a marker for urothelium, prognostic significance of GATA binding protein 3 expression in bladder tumor remains unclear. We immunohistochemically stained for GATA binding protein 3 in urothelial neoplasm and matched nonneoplastic bladder tissue specimens. GATA binding protein 3 was positive in 125 (86%; 13 [9%] weak, 44 [30%] moderate, and 68 [47%] strong) of 145 bladder tumors, which was significantly lower than in benign urothelium (104/106 [98%]; 3 [3%] weak, 30 [28%] moderate, and 71 [67%] strong) (P=.

Frozen section assessment in testicular and paratesticular lesions suspicious for malignancy: its role in preventing unnecessary orchiectomy.

To investigate the role of frozen section assessment in sparing unnecessary orchiectomy for suspected lesions, we retrospectively reviewed intraoperative testicular and paratesticular frozen section assessments performed at our institution between the years 1993 and 2010. Frozen section assessments were performed on 45 testicular lesions (age, 5-60 [mean, 32.2] years; lesion size, 0.

Pathogenesis of prostatic small cell carcinoma involves the inactivation of the P53 pathway.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) of the prostate is a variant form of prostate cancer that occurs de novo or as a recurrent tumor in patients who received hormonal therapy for prostatic adenocarcinoma. It is composed of pure neuroendocrine (NE) tumor cells, but unlike the scattered NE cells in benign prostate and adenocarcinoma that are quiescent, the NE cells in SCNC are highly proliferative and aggressive, causing death in months. In this study, we provide evidence that interleukin 8 (IL8)-CXCR2-P53 (TP53) signaling pathway keeps the NE cells of benign prostate and adenocarcinoma in a quiescent state normally.

Near infrared fluorescence imaging after intravenous indocyanine green: initial clinical experience with open partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumors.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) of intravenously injected indocyanine green (ICG) during open partial nephrectomy, and to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology to identify the renal vasculature and distinguish renal cortical tumors from normal parenchyma.

Methods: Patients undergoing open partial nephrectomy provided written informed consent for inclusion in this institutional review board-approved study. Perirenal fat was removed to allow visualization of the renal parenchyma and lesions to be excised.

Robot-assisted and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with near infrared fluorescence imaging.

Background And Purpose: Recent literature has focused on the importance of maximal nephron preservation during partial nephrectomy to avoid complications associated with chronic renal insufficiency. Accurate differentiation of tumor from normal surrounding parenchyma is critical to ensure excessive normal renal tissue is not made ischemic or excised along with the tumor. The feasibility of a novel intraoperative imaging technique to differentiate tumor from surrounding parenchyma during laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy was evaluated.

Expression of androgen and oestrogen receptors and its prognostic significance in urothelial neoplasm of the urinary bladder.

Unlabelled: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Steroid hormone receptor signals have been implicated in bladder tumourigenesis and tumour progression. The expression of androgen and/or oestrogen receptors has been assessed in bladder cancer, leading to conflicting data of expression levels and their relationship to histopathological characteristics of the tumours. We simultaneously analyze three receptors in non-neoplastic bladder tissues as well as in primary and metastatic bladder tumour specimens.

Paratesticular solitary plasmacytoma.

Primary solid neoplasms of the extratesticular tissues are rare. The reported prevalence rate of paratesticular neoplasms is between 3% and 16% of all patients referred for scrotal ultrasonography. A plasmacytoma is a discrete, solitary mass of malignant monoclonal plasma cells that can arise in any part of the body.

Identifying additional lymph nodes in radical cystectomy lymphadenectomy specimens.

Lymph node count has prognostic implications in bladder cancer patients who are treated with radical cystectomy. Lymph nodes that are too small to identify grossly can easily be missed, potentially leading to missed nodal metastases and inaccurate nodal counts, resulting in inaccurate prognoses. We investigated whether there is a benefit to submitting the entire lymph node packet for histological examination to identify additional lymph nodes.

Role of frozen section analysis of testicular/paratesticular fibrous pseudotumours: a five-case experience.

Background: Fibrous pseudotumours of the testicular and paratesticular tissues are fibroinflammatory reactive lesions that can clinically mimic neoplasms. Very little is known about the role of frozen section analysis (FSA) for these lesions in terms of intraoperative surgical management.

Methods: We recently experienced 5 patients with testicular/paratesticular fibrous pseudotumours in whom frozen sections were used to demonstrate its non-neoplastic nature prior to the decision for radical surgery.

Crawling wave detection of prostate cancer: preliminary in vitro results.

Purpose: The focus of this article is to develop signal and imaging processing methods to derive an accurate estimation of local tissue elasticity using the crawling wave (CrW) sonoelastography method. The task is to reduce noise and to improve the contrast of the elasticity map.

Methods: The protocol of the CrW approach was first tested on heterogeneous elastic phantoms as a model of prostate cancers.

Dihydrotestosterone upregulates the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and ERBB2 in androgen receptor-positive bladder cancer cells.

Androgen receptor (AR) signals play important roles in bladder carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, including EGFR and ERBB2, leads to bladder cancer cell growth and correlates with poor patients' prognosis. However, cross talk between AR and EGFR/ERBB2 pathways in bladder cancer remains poorly understood.

Immunohistochemical analysis in a morphologic spectrum of urachal epithelial neoplasms: diagnostic implications and pitfalls.

The vast majority of urachal epithelial neoplasms are adenocarcinomas with several described morphologic subtypes that include both enteric and nonenteric histologies. Adenocarcinoma from several other primaries may mimic any of these urachal adenocarcinoma subtypes in the bladder or at distant sites. However, data regarding the immunohistochemical profile of urachal carcinoma are limited, let alone its correlation with the different histologic subtypes that may have implications in the differential diagnostic workup with their morphologic mimics.