The Effects of Protein Nutrition on Muscle Function in Critical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: owing to altered protein metabolism during critical illness, skeletal muscles are utilised as a source of protein, with subsequent debilitating effects on both muscle structure and function. Protein nutrition has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in critically unwell patients; however, the impact on muscle function is less established. Therefore, the aim of this review was to systematically determine the effect of protein dose on skeletal muscle strength in critically ill patients.

Functional localization of the human auditory and visual thalamus using a thalamic localizer functional magnetic resonance imaging task.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the auditory and visual sensory systems of the human brain is an active area of investigation in the study of human health and disease. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are key thalamic nuclei involved in the processing and relay of auditory and visual information, respectively, and are the subject of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI studies of neural activation and functional connectivity in human participants. However, localization of BOLD fMRI signal originating from neural activity in MGN and LGN remains a technical challenge, due, in part, to the poor definition of boundaries of these thalamic nuclei in standard T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences.

Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children: A Comparative Analysis.

Background: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are genetically related viruses and major causes of medically attended acute respiratory illness in children. Research comparing the severity of illnesses resulting from these infections lacks consensus.

Methods: Children younger than 18 years with acute respiratory illness were enrolled through active, prospective surveillance from 2016 to 2020 at 7 US pediatric hospitals and emergency departments (EDs).

Respiratory viral infection is associated with increased abundance in cystic fibrosis airways.

Unlabelled: Acute respiratory viral infections are an important driver of morbidity and mortality in people with chronic lung disease and are frequently associated with pulmonary exacerbations and a transition from intermittent to chronic bacterial infection of the airways. Chronic infections are associated with worsened lung function, poor outcomes, and increased hospital visits. We sought to improve understanding of the effects of respiratory viral infections and host immune response on the resident bacterial community of the airways, using cystic fibrosis as a model.

Depth-Resolved Macroscopic Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging via High-Spatial-Frequency Structured Illumination.

Significance: Macroscopic Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (MFLI) is a powerful, non-invasive imaging modality that offers robust, physiologically relevant contrast largely independent of fluorophore concentration, excitation intensity, and tissue signal attenuation. However, accurately determining the depth of signal origin remains challenging, potentially leading to ambiguity in biological interpretation. Here, we present a novel optical correction method that effectively eliminates surface signal bias, such as that from skin in preclinical imaging, without the need for chemical clearance.

Low-intensity millimeter waves ameliorate cognitive impairment induced by chronic REM sleep deprivation in rats by regulating CaMKII-CREB-BDNF pathway.

Sleep disturbances have become a widespread issue in modern society, negatively impacting cognitive function and memory. However, the impact of millimeter waves (MMW) on cognitive impairment in rats subjected to chronic REM sleep deprivation (CRSD) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of MMW on cognitive impairment in CRSD-induced rats and its underlying mechanisms.

Coupled, decoupled, and abrupt responses of vegetation to climate across timescales.

Climate and ecosystem dynamics vary across timescales, but research into climate-driven vegetation dynamics usually focuses on singular timescales. We developed a spectral analysis-based approach that provides detailed estimates of the timescales at which vegetation tracks climate change, from 10 to 10 years. We report dynamic similarity of vegetation and climate even at centennial frequencies (149 to 18,012 year, that is, one cycle per 149 to 18,012 years).

Leveraging chorionic villus biopsies for the derivation of patient-specific trophoblast stem cells.

Human trophoblast stem (TS) cells are informative in vitro models for the generation and testing of biologically meaningful hypotheses. The goal of this project was to derive patient-specific TS cell lines from clinically available chorionic villus biopsies. Cell outgrowths were captured from human chorionic villus tissue specimens cultured in modified human TS cell medium.

Bioactive lipid profiles as non-invasive biomarkers of advanced fibrosis in people with HIV/HCV co-infection.

Non-invasive assessments for advanced liver fibrosis have limited accuracy in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) who have hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and new tools are needed. Our aim was to discover oxylipin profiles associated with advanced liver fibrosis in treatment-naïve patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. Serum samples from 40 PWH with HCV were subjected to targeted oxylipin analysis.

Association between cranial surgery and mortality among patients with firearm-related traumatic brain injury resulting in subdural hematoma.

Objective: Firearm-related penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) is highly morbid and causes heterogeneous intracranial injury patterns. As guidelines and practices evolve, tailored analysis of more homogeneous pTBI cohorts is needed to inform surgical management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the association between cranial surgery and survival among patients with pTBI resulting in subdural hematoma (SDH).

'We think differently, we learn differently, but at the end of the day we're not that different': Strengths-based approaches in high school from the perspectives of autistic adolescents.

Emerging evidence supports the use of strengths-based approaches for autistic students, yet limited research has explored these approaches from the perspectives of autistic adolescents in mainstream high schools. This study used a descriptive phenomenological methodology to examine the perspectives of 16 autistic adolescents who were either in high school or had recently completed high school in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using a modified seven-step Colaizzi method.

The importance of small-island populations for the long-term survival of endangered large-bodied insular mammals.

Island populations of large vertebrates have experienced higher extinction rates than mainland populations over long timescales due to demographic stochasticity, genetic drift, and inbreeding. While being more susceptible to extinction and as such potentially targeted for conservation interventions such as genetic rescue, small-island populations can experience relatively less anthropogenic habitat degradation than those on larger islands. Here, we determine the consequences and conservation implications of long-term isolation and recent human activities on genetic diversity of island populations of two forest-dependent mammals endemic to the Wallacea archipelago: the anoa ( spp.

Development and characterization of a low-affinity humanized CD19 chimeric antigen receptor for B-cell malignancies.

In this study, we aim to develop a humanized CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that matches the potency of the FMC63 CAR and potentially reduces the risk of immunogenicity. The murine FMC63 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was humanized yielding 2 lead candidate scFvs, VH4vκ1 and 4D5, which exhibit weaker binding affinity than FMC63 scFv. These humanized CD19-scFvs were incorporated into CAR constructs to generate huCD19R(VH4Vκ1) and huCD19R(4D5) CARs, both containing the 41BB costimulatory domain.

Annual (2024) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm : kingdom : phylum ).

In April 2024, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum was expanded by 1 new order, 1 new family, 6 new subfamilies, 34 new genera and 270 new species. One class, two orders and six species were renamed. Seven families and 12 genera were moved; ten species were renamed and moved; and nine species were abolished.

Prevalence of human adenovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in the New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) from 2016 to 2019.

Background: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. However, the AGE burden from human adenoviruses (HAdV) is not fully defined.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and characteristics associated with HAdV in U.

Antiviral Prescription in Children With Influenza in US Emergency Departments: New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), 2016-2020.

Background: Influenza contributes to a high burden of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits annually. Guidelines recommend outpatient antiviral treatment for children at higher risk of severe influenza and recommend considering treatment for those who present within 2 days of symptom onset. We describe antiviral prescription in children with influenza presenting to the ED.

Auditory and Visual Thalamocortical Connectivity Alterations in Unmedicated People With Schizophrenia: An Individualized Sensory Thalamic Localization and Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study.

Background: Converging evidence from clinical neuroimaging and animal models has strongly implicated dysfunction of thalamocortical circuits in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Preclinical models of genetic risk for SZ have shown reduced synaptic transmission from the auditory thalamus to the primary auditory cortex, which may represent a correlate of auditory disturbances such as hallucinations. However, human neuroimaging studies have found a generalized increase in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between whole thalamus and sensorimotor cortex in people with SZ (PSZ).

Epidemiology and genotypic diversity of rhinovirus in school-age children with acute respiratory illnesses seeking medical care.

Background: Rhinovirus (RV) associated acute respiratory illness (ARI) data come mostly from infants and young children. We present data from 5 to 17-year-olds to characterize RV species A, B and C.

Methods: During December 1, 2016-Nov 30, 2017, seven U.

Immune cells promote paralytic disease in mice infected with enterovirus D68.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is associated with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a poliomyelitis-like illness causing paralysis in young children. However, the mechanisms of paralysis are unclear, and antiviral therapies are lacking. To better understand EV-D68 disease, we inoculated newborn mice intracranially to assess viral tropism, virulence, and immune responses.

The latent structure of working memory: A large sample factor model of working memory capacity.

Working memory (WM) is an essential system of cognitive processes for a wide range of cognitive activities and is associated with diverse real-world outcomes. Despite extensive research in cognitive psychology, the complex multifaceted nature of WM is often overlooked in applied settings, such as clinical and neuroimaging research. This study investigated the latent structure of WM by examining a comprehensive set of WM tasks commonly used in both theoretical and applied research in cognitive psychology and psychiatric neuroimaging.

Tolerance in Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Neurons Following Chronic Treatment of Animals with Morphine.

Neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) integrate visceral and limbic inputs and project to multiple brain regions to bias behavior toward aversive or defensive states. This study examines MOR signaling in anterior PVT neurons in brain slices from untreated and morphine-treated animals. Imaging in a MOR-Cre reporter rat revealed extensive expression in aPVT cells, and the application of [Met] enkephalin (ME) induced outward currents which were abolished by the MOR-selective antagonist CTAP.

Adenovirus Species in U.S. Children With Acute Respiratory Illness, 2016-2019.

Background: Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common cause of pediatric acute respiratory illness (ARI). HAdV-B, -C, and -E species have been associated with ARI, though relative detection frequencies in United States (U.S.

Disparities in the care and direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) management in atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in English primary care between 2018 and 2022: primary care sentinel network database study.

Background: In England, most prescribing of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) takes place in primary care. The 2024 European Society of Cardiology guidelines introduced the AF-CARE ((C) comorbidities and risk factors; (A) avoid stroke and thromboembolism by appropriate prescription of oral anticoagulants; (R) rate and rhythm control; (E) evaluation and reassessment should be individualised for every patient, with a dynamic approach) framework to address this.

Objective: To describe any health disparities in CKD and AF, including anticoagulation management and correct dosing of DOACs.