Generation of Sesame Mutant Population by Mutagenesis and Identification of High Oleate Mutants by GC Analysis.

Sesame is one of the important oilseed crops in the world. Natural genetic variation exists in the sesame germplasm collection. Mining and utilizing the genetic allele variation from the germplasm collection is an important approach for seed quality improvement.

Genetic Diversity for Quercetin, Myricetin, Cyanidin, and Delphinidin Concentrations in 38 Blackeye Pea ( L. Walp.) Genotypes for Potential Use as a Functional Health Vegetable.

Blackeye peas ( L. Walp.) are mainly used as a vegetable throughout the world, however they may contain significant concentrations of quercetin, myricetin, cyanidin, and delphinidin for potential use as a functional vegetable.

Multivariate Analysis of Butterfly Pea ( L.) Genotypes With Potentially Healthy Nutraceuticals and Uses.

Butterfly pea ( L.) is a legume used as tea, forage, ornamental, salad, and medicinal plant. The flowers range from white to dark purple with little known about the variation for seed and flower color in the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit germplasm collection.

Comparative Bioavailability of Two Formulations of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class IV Drugs: A Case Study of Lopinavir/Ritonavir.

Background: Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r-A, Kaletra®), a fixed dose, co-formulated antiviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection has been used worldwide for over two decades. Both active substances have low solubility in water and low membrane permeability. LPV/r-A tablets contain key excipients critical to ensuring acceptable bioavailability of lopinavir and ritonavir in humans.

Review of Antimicrobial and Other Health Effects in 5 Essential Oil Producing Grass Species.

The warm season essential oil producing grass species including lemongrass (), palmarosa grass (), geranium grass (), vetiver grass (), and scented top grass () are used worldwide for their cosmetic and health properties. A discussion providing evidence from literature reviews about the potential uses of these grass species for antimicrobial and other health uses are presented. These species could be used as new therapies for treating microbial infections.

Development and Palatability Assessment of Norvir® (Ritonavir) 100 mg Powder for Pediatric Population.

Norvir® (ritonavir) is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class IV compound with poor solubility in water (~5 µg/mL) and limited oral bioavailability. Early stage development efforts were focused on an oral solution (OS) which provided reasonable bioavailability but exhibited taste-masking challenges and required the use of solvents with potential pediatric toxicity. Norvir® oral powder, 100 mg (NOP) was developed to replace OS.

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 8 channels mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of eucalyptol.

Background And Purpose: Eucalyptol (1,8-cineol), the major ingredient in the essential oil of eucalyptus leaves and other medicinal plants, has long been known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Eucalyptol interacts with the TRP cation channels among other targets, but it is unclear which of these mediates its anti-inflammatory effects.

Experimental Approach: Effects of eucalyptol were compared in wild-type and TRPM8 channel-deficient mice in two different models: footpad inflammation elicited by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and pulmonary inflammation following administration of LPS.

Inhalation dosimetry modeling provides insights into regional respiratory tract toxicity of inhaled diacetyl.

Vapor dosimetry models provide a means of assessing the role of delivered dose in determining the regional airway response to inspired vapors. A validated hybrid computational fluid dynamics physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for inhaled diacetyl has been developed to describe inhaled diacetyl dosimetry in both the rat and human respiratory tracts. Comparison of the distribution of respiratory tract injury with dosimetry estimates provides strong evidence that regional delivered dose rather than regional airway tissue sensitivity to diacetyl-induced injury is the critical determinant of the regional respiratory tract response to this water soluble reactive vapor.

Functional Vegetable Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) Accessions for Improving Flavonoid Concentrations in Immature Pods.

Dry guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) seeds are primarily used to extract galactomannan gum for oil fracking, however, the immature pods are used as a vegetable in India and sold in ethnic grocery stores in the Atlanta, Georgia area. Nineteen guar genotypes were grown in the field at Griffin, GA, USA for two years (2010-2011).

Acetaminophen Attenuates House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Airway Disease in Mice.

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP) may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma, likely through pro-oxidant mechanisms. However, no studies have investigated the direct effects of APAP on the development of allergic inflammation. To determine the likelihood of a causal relationship between APAP and asthma pathogenesis, we explored the effects of APAP on inflammatory responses in a murine house dust mite (HDM) model of allergic airway disease.

Advances in Inhalation Dosimetry Models and Methods for Occupational Risk Assessment and Exposure Limit Derivation.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and practical guide to occupational health professionals concerning the derivation and use of dose estimates in risk assessment for development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for inhaled substances. Dosimetry is the study and practice of measuring or estimating the internal dose of a substance in individuals or a population. Dosimetry thus provides an essential link to understanding the relationship between an external exposure and a biological response.

Effects of Acetaminophen on Oxidant and Irritant Respiratory Tract Responses to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Female Mice.

Background: Although it is known that acetaminophen causes oxidative injury in the liver, it is not known whether it causes oxidative stress in the respiratory tract. If so, this widely used analgesic may potentiate the adverse effects of oxidant air pollutants.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine if acetaminophen induces respiratory tract oxidative stress and/or potentiates the oxidative stress and irritant responses to an inhaled oxidant: environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation and elevates blood cotinine in cigarette smoke exposed mice.

Addition of menthol to cigarettes may be associated with increased initiation of smoking. The potential mechanisms underlying this association are not known. Menthol, likely due to its effects on cold-sensing peripheral sensory neurons, is known to inhibit the sensation of irritation elicited by respiratory irritants.

Tissue sensitivity of the rat upper and lower extrapulmonary airways to the inhaled electrophilic air pollutants diacetyl and acrolein.

The target site for inhaled vapor-induced injury often differs in mouth-breathing humans compared with nose-breathing rats, thus complicating the use of rat inhalation toxicity data for assessment of human risk. We sought to examine sensitivity of respiratory/transitional nasal (RTM) and tracheobronchial (TBM) mucosa to two electrophilic irritant vapors: diacetyl and acrolein. Computational fluid dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was coupled with biomarker assessment to establish delivered dose-response relationships in RTM and TBM in male F344 rats following 6 h exposure to diacetyl or acrolein.

Flavonol content, oil%, and fatty acid composition variability in seeds of Teramnus labialis and T. uncinatus accessions with nutraceutical potential.

Teramnus labialis and T. uncinatus are both underutilized legume species. Teramnus labialis is used as food in India while T.

The role of toxicological science in meeting the challenges and opportunities of hydraulic fracturing.

We briefly describe how toxicology can inform the discussion and debate of the merits of hydraulic fracturing by providing information on the potential toxicity of the chemical and physical agents associated with this process, individually and in combination. We consider upstream activities related to bringing chemical and physical agents to the site, on-site activities including drilling of wells and containment of agents injected into or produced from the well, and downstream activities including the flow/removal of hydrocarbon products and of produced water from the site. A broad variety of chemical and physical agents are involved.

Sex differences in the acute nasal antioxidant/antielectrophilic response of the rat to inhaled naphthalene.

Naphthalene is a nasal carcinogen, inducing respiratory adenomas in male and olfactory neuroblastomas in female rats, respectively. The reasons for the site and sex-specific tumorigenic response are unknown. Naphthalene is bioactivated to electrophilic metabolites; cytotoxicity followed by regenerative cell proliferation is likely involved in the tumorigenic response.

TRPM8 is the principal mediator of menthol-induced analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain.

Menthol, the cooling natural product of peppermint, is widely used in medicinal preparations for the relief of acute and inflammatory pain in sports injuries, arthritis, and other painful conditions. Menthol induces the sensation of cooling by activating TRPM8, an ion channel in cold-sensitive peripheral sensory neurons. Recent studies identified additional targets of menthol, including the irritant receptor, TRPA1, voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors.

Nasal dosimetry of inspired naphthalene vapor in the male and female B6C3F1 mouse.

Naphthalene vapor is a nasal cytotoxicant in the rat and mouse but is a nasal carcinogen in only the rat. Inhalation dosimetry is a critical aspect of the inhalation toxicology of inspired vapors and may contribute to the species differences in the nasal response. To define the nasal dosimetry of naphthalene in the B6C3F1 male and female mouse, uptake of naphthalene vapor was measured in the surgically isolated upper respiratory tract (URT) at inspiratory flow rates of 25 or 50 ml/min.

In situ measurement of vapor uptake in the rodent upper respiratory tract.

The response of respiratory tract tissue target sites to inhaled vapors depends on the amount of inhaled vapor that is delivered to those sites. Direct measurement of vapor absorption within a specific airway of the living animal requires that the airway be isolated, which currently can only be performed on the upper airways. Towards this end, the upper respiratory tract (all airways anterior to the larynx) is surgically isolated in the anesthetized rat by tracheostomy and insertion of two endotracheal tubes, one leading anteriorly and the other posteriorly.

Biologically-based modeling insights in inhaled vapor absorption and dosimetry.

The lung is a route of entry and also a target site for inhaled vapors, therefore, knowledge of the total absorbed dose and/or the dose absorbed in each airway during inhalation exposure is essential. Vapor absorption characteristics result primarily from the fact that vapors demonstrate equilibrium/saturation behavior in fluids. Thus, during inhalation exposures blood and airway tissue vapor concentrations increase to a steady state value and increase no further no matter how long the exposure.

Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation responses to multiple cigarette smoke irritants.

Menthol, the cooling agent in peppermint, is added to almost all commercially available cigarettes. Menthol stimulates olfactory sensations, and interacts with transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channels in cold-sensitive sensory neurons, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), an irritant-sensing channel. It is highly controversial whether menthol in cigarette smoke exerts pharmacological actions affecting smoking behavior.

A validated hybrid computational fluid dynamics-physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for respiratory tract vapor absorption in the human and rat and its application to inhalation dosimetry of diacetyl.

Diacetyl vapor is associated with bronchiolar injury in man but primarily large airway injury in the rat. The goal of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for inspired vapor dosimetry and to apply the model to diacetyl. The respiratory tract was modeled as a series of airways: nose, trachea, main bronchi, large bronchi, small bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli with tissue dimensions obtained from the literature.

Role of metabolic activation and the TRPA1 receptor in the sensory irritation response to styrene and naphthalene.

The current study was aimed at examining the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activation and the electrophile-sensitive transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor (TRPA1) in mediating the sensory irritation response to styrene and naphthalene. Toward this end, the sensory irritation to these vapors was measured in female C57Bl/6J mice during 15-min exposure via plethysmographic measurement of the duration of braking at the onset of each expiration. The sensory irritation response to 75 ppm styrene and 7 ppm naphthalene was diminished threefold or more in animals pretreated with the CYP450 inhibitor metyrapone, providing evidence of the role of metabolic activation in the response to these vapors.