The MdGLK1-MdBZR1 Module Integrates Ethylene and Strigolactone Signals to Regulate Cold Tolerance via a CBF-Dependent Pathway in Apple.

Although ethylene and strigolactone (SL) are key regulators of cold tolerance in plants, the molecular crosstalk between their signalling pathways is poorly understood. Here, we identified the transcription factor GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (MdGLK1) as a central integrator of ethylene and SL signalling during the apple (Malus × domestica) cold stress response. MdGLK1 enhanced cold tolerance by recruiting BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (MdBZR1), a core component of brassinosteroid signalling, thereby promoting MdBZR1-mediated transcriptional activation of the cold-responsive genes C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR1 (MdCBF1) and MdCBF2.

MYB20, an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, negatively regulates salt and cold stress tolerance in pears.

As one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, MYB TFs play an important role in regulation responses to environmental stressors. However, the precise function of MYB TFs in abiotic stress responses in pear is not yet well-understood. Here, we identify an R2R3-type MYB TF, PpcMYB20, in pear that is significantly induced by multiple abiotic stresses, as evidenced by elevated expression after NaCl, cold, PEG6000, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments.

The MdSINA1-MdWOX8-MdHY5 module links strigolactone and gibberellin signals via interaction with MdSMXL8 and MdRGL3a in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple.

The strigolactone (SL) and gibberellin (GA) signals jointly regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. However, the molecular regulatory network underlying the crosstalk between the SL and GA signaling pathways remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (MdHY5) serves as an integrator of SL and GA signals in apple (Malus × domestica), and the WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor MdWOX8 enhances anthocyanin biosynthesis by directly activating MdHY5 expression.

The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MdMYB62 negatively regulates the drought and salt tolerance in apple.

Drought and salt stresses represent significant environmental constraints that severely impair global plant growth and development. While numerous transcription factors regulating drought and salt stress responses have been identified across plant species, their functional mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we characterized MdMYB62, a MYB transcription factor from apple (Malus domestica), and elucidated its functional role under abiotic stress conditions.

Melatonin Regulates Clusterin to Reconstruct the Blood-Testis Barrier Disrupted by Atrazine.

Atrazine (ATZ), a commonly used triazine herbicide, is known to impair male reproductive function. Melatonin (MLT) is an endogenous hormone synthesized by the pineal gland. Its lipophilic nature enables it to freely penetrate the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and exert direct effects.

Lycopene, a natural plant extract, alleviates atrazine-induced ferroptosis in hepatocytes by activating cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase.

Atrazine (ATZ) and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) accumulation poses liver health risks in animals and humans. Lycopene (LYC), a carotenoid found in red plants and fruits, exhibits potent antioxidant effects. This study explores the interaction between LYC and ATZ in mouse hepatocyte ferroptosis and the potential regulatory role of Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) in this process.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase BRG3 and the protein kinase MPK7 antagonistically regulate LBD36 turnover, a key node for integrating nitrate and gibberellin signaling in apple.

Nitrate is the main source of nitrogen in plants. Nitrate stimulation causes changes in plant secondary metabolites, including anthocyanins. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how nitrate regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis remains unclear.

MdZFP7 integrates JA and GA signals via interaction with MdJAZ2 and MdRGL3a in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and undergoes degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MdBRG3.

Jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin (GA) coordinate many aspects of plant growth and development, including anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, the crossover points of JA and GA signals and the pathways through which they interact to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which the zinc finger protein (ZFP) transcription factor Malus domestica ZFP7 (MdZFP7) regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by integrating JA and GA signals at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.

Apple MIEL1/ABI5-MAX2 regulatory module links strigolactone and abscisic acid signals.

In apple (Malus domestica), the abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive factor ABA INSENSITIVE5 directly activates MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MdMAX2), an important strigolactone signaling component; an abscisic acid-restricted E3 ubiquitin ligase modulates MdMAX2 turnover, thus linking strigolactone and abscisic acid signaling.

Melatonin protects spermatogenic cells against DNA damage and necroptosis induced by atrazine.

Atrazine (ATZ), a widely used triazine herbicide, has been shown to disrupt reproductive development in organisms. Melatonin (MLT) is a natural hormone and has been shown to have strong antioxidant properties. Due to its lipophilicity, it can cross biological barriers freely and act on germ cells directly.

The SMXL8-AGL9 module mediates crosstalk between strigolactone and gibberellin to regulate strigolactone-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple.

Although the strigolactone (SL) signaling pathway and SL-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis have been reported, the molecular association between SL signaling and anthocyanin biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, we identified the SL signal transduction pathway associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis and the crosstalk between gibberellin (GA) and SL signaling in apple (Malus × domestica). ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) acts as a key node integrating SL signaling and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and the SL-response factor AGAMOUS-LIKE MADS-BOX9 (AGL9) promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis by activating HY5 transcription.

Apple SINA11-JAZ2 module is involved in jasmonate signaling response.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase MdSINA11 targets the jasmonate ZIM domain protein MdJAZ2 for ubiquitination and degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway, thereby initiating jasmonate signaling and jasmonic acid-triggered anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple.

The MdNAC72-MdABI5 module acts as an interface integrating jasmonic acid and gibberellin signals and undergoes ubiquitination-dependent degradation regulated by MdSINA2 in apple.

Jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin (GA) coordinately regulate plant developmental programs and environmental cue responses. However, the fine regulatory network of the cross-interaction between JA and GA remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that MdNAC72 together with MdABI5 positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis through an exquisite MdNAC72-MdABI5-MdbHLH3 transcriptional cascade in apple.

Apple E3 ligase MdPUB23 mediates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of MdABI5 to delay ABA-triggered leaf senescence.

ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) is a core regulatory factor that mediates the ABA signaling response and leaf senescence. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic regulation of leaf senescence by ABI5 with interacting partners and the homeostasis of ABI5 in the ABA signaling response remain to be further investigated. In this study, we found that the accelerated effect of MdABI5 on leaf senescence is partly dependent on MdbHLH93, an activator of leaf senescence in apple.

MdbHLH162 connects the gibberellin and jasmonic acid signals to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple.

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites induced by environmental stimuli and developmental signals. The positive regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been reported, whereas the anthocyanin repressors have been neglected. Although the signal transduction pathways of gibberellin (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA) and their regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been investigated, the cross-talk between GA and JA and the antagonistic mechanism of regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis remain to be investigated.

Holistic Assessment Based On Hepatocyte Mitochondria: Lycopene Repairs Oxidized mtDNA to Alleviate Mitochondrial Stress Induced by Atrazine.

Atrazine (ATZ) is a highly persistent herbicide that harms organism health. Lycopene (LYC) is an antioxidant found in plants and fruits. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of atrazine-induced mitochondrial damage and lycopene antagonism in the liver.

Effect of atrazine on testicular toxicity involves accommodative disorder of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes system and testosterone synthesis in European quail (Coturnix coturnix).

Due to the wide use of atrazine (ATR), the concern has increased regarding the negative impact of ATR on reproduction. Nevertheless, the reproductive effects caused by different exposure concentrations and the severity of toxic damage are poorly understood. In organisms, ATR is metabolized and degraded through phase II enzyme systems, and changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes may have a regulatory role in the harm of ATR.

Brassinosteroid signaling regulator BIM1 integrates brassinolide and jasmonic acid signaling during cold tolerance in apple.

Although brassinolide (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA) play essential roles in the regulation of cold stress responses, the molecular basis of their crosstalk remains elusive. Here, we show a key component of BR signaling in apple (Malus × domestica), BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1)-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1)-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE PROTEIN1 (MdBIM1), increases cold tolerance by directly activating expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR1 (MdCBF1) and forming a complex with C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR2 (MdCBF2) to enhance MdCBF2-activated transcription of cold-responsive genes. Two repressors of JA signaling, JAZMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN1 (MdJAZ1) and JAZMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN2 (MdJAZ2), interact with MdBIM1 to integrate BR and JA signaling under cold stress.

MdVQ10 promotes wound-triggered leaf senescence in association with MdWRKY75 and undergoes antagonistic modulation of MdCML15 and MdJAZs in apple.

Wounding stress leads to leaf senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of the MdVQ10-MdWRKY75 module in wound-induced leaf senescence.

The E3 ubiquitin ligases SINA1 and SINA2 integrate with the protein kinase CIPK20 to regulate the stability of RGL2a, a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Although DELLA protein destabilization mediated by post-translational modifications is essential for gibberellin (GA) signal transduction and GA-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis, the related mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we report the ubiquitination and phosphorylation of an apple DELLA protein MdRGL2a in response to GA signaling and its regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis. MdRGL2a could interact with MdWRKY75 to enhance the MdWRKY75-activated transcription of anthocyanin activator MdMYB1 and interfere with the interaction between anthocyanin repressor MdMYB308 and MdbHLH3 or MdbHLH33, thereby promoting anthocyanin accumulation.