Optimal Intake of Animal-Source Foods: A Scoping Review to Inform a New WHO Guideline.

Currently, the amount and types of animal-source foods that might be part of a healthy diet remain unclear. This scoping review was commissioned by the WHO for the development of a new guideline on optimal intake of animal-source foods and aimed to collect and describe the evidence available on animal-source foods and health outcomes. A systematic search of Embase, Medline, and PubMed, complemented with a search of recent nutrition guidelines, was conducted to identify systematic, scoping, and umbrella reviews published between 2019 and 2024.

Toward revising dietary zinc recommendations for children aged 0 to 3 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis of zinc absorption, excretion, and requirements for growth.

Context: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization are updating their dietary zinc recommendations for children aged 0 to 3 years.

Objective: The aim of this review was to retrieve and synthesize evidence regarding zinc needs for growth as well as zinc losses, absorption, and bioavailability from the diet.

Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched electronically from inception to August 2020.

Adverse Effects of Excessive Zinc Intake in Infants and Children Aged 0-3 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Zinc supplementation reduces morbidity, but evidence suggests that excessive intakes can have negative health consequences. Current guidelines of upper limits (ULs) of zinc intake for young children are extrapolated from adult data. This systematic review (PROSPERO; registration no.

Dietary fibre intake in childhood or adolescence and subsequent health outcomes: A systematic review of prospective observational studies.

Aim: To determine whether higher fibre intakes during childhood or adolescence effect a broad range of intermediate markers of cardiometabolic risk or other health related issues.

Materials And Methods: We used online searches up to January 2020 and manual searches to identify prospective observational studies reporting on childhood or adolescent intakes of dietary fibre, vegetables, fruit and refined or whole grains. Outcomes measured later in life were body weight, blood lipids, blood pressure, glycaemia, bone health, cognition, growth and bowel habits.

Health effects of saturated and trans-fatty acid intake in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Elevated cholesterol has been linked to cardiovascular disease in adults and preclinical markers of atherosclerosis in children, thus reducing saturated (SFA) and trans-fatty acids (TFA) intake from an early age may help to reduce cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. The aim of this review is to examine the evidence for health effects associated with reducing SFA and TFA intake in free-living children, adolescents and young adults between 2 to 19 years of age.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies.

Cellular program controlling the recovery of adipose tissue mass: An in vivo imaging approach.

The cellular program responsible for the restoration of adipose tissue mass after weight loss is largely uncharacterized. Leptin mRNA levels are highly correlated with adipose tissue mass, and leptin expression can thus be used as a surrogate for changes in the amount of adipose tissue. To further study the responses of adipocytes to changes in weight, we created a transgenic mouse expressing the luciferase reporter gene under the control of leptin regulatory sequences, which allows noninvasive imaging of the leptin expression of mice in vivo.

Acute leptin deficiency, leptin resistance, and the physiologic response to leptin withdrawal.

Food restriction and weight loss result in reduced plasma leptin, which is associated with a pleiotropic biologic response. However, because weight loss itself is also associated with changes in numerous other humoral and metabolic signals, it can be difficult to determine the precise features of the biologic response to acute leptin deficiency. To study this response in the absence of changes in nutritional state, we have developed a protocol that allows such analysis in normal, non-food-restricted animals.

Regulation of T cell-mediated hepatic inflammation by adiponectin and leptin.

Concanavalin A-induced hepatotoxicity was compared in lipodystrophic aP2-nSREBP-1c transgenic mice (LD mice) lacking adipose tissue, obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, and lean wild-type (WT) mice. Serum leptin and adiponectin were low in LD mice, whereas ob/ob mice had undetectable leptin, but high adiponectin. Protection from hepatotoxicity was observed in ob/ob, but not in LD mice, despite low cytokine levels and reduced T cell activation and hepatic natural killer T cells in both groups.

Transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the melanocortin-4 receptor promoter.

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) is an important regulator of energy homeostasis, and evidence suggests that MC4-R-expressing neurons are downstream targets of leptin action. MC4-Rs are broadly expressed in the CNS, and the distribution of MC4-R mRNA has been analyzed most extensively in the rat. However, relatively little is known concerning chemical profiles of MC4-R-expressing neurons.