Can Current Metrics Characterise or Differentiate Between Elite Track and Field Athletes Within the Sprints, Hurdles, High Jump, Long Jump and Triple Jump? A Systematic Review.

Background: High-performance sport programs aim to effectively identify talented athletes with the greatest potential for achieving podium success at benchmark events such as the World Championships or Olympic Games. However, not every talented athlete will go on to achieve success at the highest level, and the characteristics used to identify athletes are not well understood.

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to understand parameters that may be associated with podium success at benchmark events in speed/power-based track and field events.

Development of the CHILD-SHOE Reporting Checklist: A Scoping Review and Modified Delphi Study to Support Reporting in Children's Footwear Research.

Background: Inconsistent reporting of interventions and outcomes is a key barrier to research translation. Children's footwear research is often inconsistently reported as there are no standards or recommendations on what to report or consensus on which outcomes are important. The primary aim of this research was to develop expert consensus in children's footwear features and descriptions for research reporting.

Field-Based Gait Retraining to Reduce Impact Loading Using Tibial Accelerometers in High-Impact Recreational Runners: A Feasibility Study.

This study investigated the feasibility of a field-based gait retraining program using real-time axial peak tibial acceleration (PTA) feedback in high-impact recreational runners and explored the effects on running biomechanics and economy. We recruited eight recreational runners with high landing impacts to undertake eight field-based sessions with real-time axial PTA feedback. Feasibility outcomes were assessed through program retention rates, retraining session adherence, and perceived difficulty of the gait retraining program.

Patellofemoral joint loads are lower when adolescents with patellofemoral pain run in flat, flexible shoes compared to traditional athletic shoes.

Objectives: To examine peak and cumulative patellofemoral joint force when adolescents with patellofemoral pain run in a traditional athletic shoe, compared with a flat, flexible shoe.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Participants: Twenty-six adolescents with patellofemoral pain ran on an instrumented treadmill in a traditional athletic shoe and a flat, flexible shoe.

Classifying Impact Loading Using Axial Peak Tibial Acceleration and Impact-Related Biomechanical Differences During Treadmill Running.

Measuring lower extremity impact acceleration is a common strategy to identify runners with increased injury risk. However, existing axial peak tibial acceleration (PTA) thresholds for determining high-impact runners typically rely on small samples or fixed running speeds. This study aimed to describe the distribution of axial PTA among runners at their preferred running speed, determine an appropriate adjustment for investigating impact magnitude at different speeds, and compare biomechanics between runners classified by impact magnitude.

Effects of running-induced fatigue on joint kinematics and kinetics during overground running: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study evaluated the acute fatigue-inducing effect of distance running on kinematics and kinetics during overground running. Standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to pool data across 16 studies. Effects during consistent (pre- and post-fatigue running speed within ± 5%) versus varied speed running (difference of >5% between running speeds) were analysed separately.

Gait biomechanics do not differ between adolescents with and without patellofemoral pain.

Objectives: To determine if adolescents with patellofemoral pain exhibit different biomechanical characteristics to asymptomatic adolescents during walking and running.

Methods: Twenty-eight adolescents with patellofemoral pain (16 male, 12 female, mean [SD] age: 14.3 [1.

Sensor location influences the associations between IMU and motion capture measurements of impact landing in healthy male and female runners at multiple running speeds.

This study investigated the relationships between inertial measurement unit (IMU) acceleration at multiple body locations and 3D motion capture impact landing measures in runners. Thirty healthy runners ran on an instrumented treadmill at five running speeds (9-17 km/h) during 3D motion capture. Axial and resultant acceleration were collected from IMUs at the distal and proximal tibia, distal femur and sacrum.

Flat flexible school shoes for adolescents with patellofemoral pain: a randomised, assessor-blinded, parallel-group feasibility trial.

Objectives: To determine the feasibility of conducting a large-scale randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of flat, flexible school footwear versus traditional school footwear in adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with patellofemoral pain (PFP).

Methods: Adolescents with PFP were recruited for this study. Participants were randomised to wear either a (1) flat, flexible school shoe or (2) a traditional school shoe.

The Immediate Biomechanical Effects of a Flat, Flexible School Shoe in Adolescents with Patellofemoral Pain.

Introduction: Treatment options for adolescent patellofemoral pain (PFP) are limited. School footwear might be a suitable intervention to modulate patellofemoral joint (PFJ) loads in adolescents with PFP. This study examined the immediate effects of a flat, flexible school shoe compared with a traditional school shoe on knee joint kinematics and kinetics, and PFJ reaction force during walking and running in adolescents with PFP.

Variability in tibia-fibular geometry is associated with increased tibial strain from running loads.

Variation in tibial geometry may alter strain magnitude and distribution during locomotion. We investigated the effect of tibia-fibula geometric variations on tibial strain with running loads applied at various speeds. Participant-specific three-dimensional models of the tibia-fibula were created using lower limb computed tomography scans from 30 cadavers.

Cumulative patellofemoral force and stress are lower during faster running compared to slower running in recreational runners.

Management strategies for patellofemoral pain often involve modifying running distance or speed. However, the optimal modification strategy to manage patellofemoral joint (PFJ) force and stress accumulated during running warrants further investigation. This study investigated the effect of running speed on peak and cumulative PFJ force and stress in recreational runners.

Anticipatory effects on side-step cutting biomechanics in Women's Australian Football League players.

Objectives: Reactive side-step cutting manoeuvres are linked to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in Women's Australian Football League (AFLW) matches. We explored knee joint moments and ground reaction forces (GRFs) in AFLW players when performing anticipated and unanticipated side-stepping.

Methods: Sixteen AFLW players (age=25.

Australian secondary school principals', parents', and students' attitudes to prescribed school footwear guidelines.

Background: Adolescents are often required to wear footwear that adheres to uniform guidelines at secondary school. There is a paucity of literature on factors influencing school footwear choice and what drives the development of school footwear guidelines. The aims of this study were to describe (i) current school footwear guidelines in secondary schools across Australia, (ii) factors that influence footwear choice in secondary school students and their parents, and (iii) principals, parents, and students' beliefs on factors which contribute to school footwear guidelines.

Measurement error associated with gait cycle selection in treadmill running at various speeds.

A common approach in the biomechanical analysis of running technique is to average data from several gait cycles to compute a 'representative mean.' However, the impact of the quantity and selection of gait cycles on biomechanical measures is not well understood. We examined the effects of gait cycle selection on kinematic data by: (i) comparing representative means calculated from varying numbers of gait cycles to 'global' means from the entire capture period; and (ii) comparing representative means from varying numbers of gait cycles sampled from different parts of the capture period.

Geometric variation of the human tibia-fibula: a public dataset of tibia-fibula surface meshes and statistical shape model.

Background: Variation in tibia geometry is a risk factor for tibial stress fractures. Geometric variability in bones is often quantified using statistical shape modelling. Statistical shape models (SSM) offer a method to assess three-dimensional variation of structures and identify the source of variation.

The effect of footwear on mechanical behaviour of the human ankle plantar-flexors in forefoot runners.

Purpose: To compare the ankle plantar-flexor muscle-tendon mechanical behaviour during barefoot and shod forefoot running.

Methods: Thirteen highly trained forefoot runners performed five overground steady-state running trials (4.5 ± 0.

Protocol for a randomised, assessor-blinded, parallel group feasibility trial of flat flexible school shoes for adolescents with patellofemoral pain.

Background: There are limited evidence-based treatment options for adolescents with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Flat, flexible footwear have been shown to reduce patellofemoral joint loading and pain in adults with PFP. The efficacy of this intervention in adolescents with PFP is not established.

Acute Effects of Gait Interventions on Tibial Loads During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Introduction: Changing running technique or equipment can alter tibial loads. The efficacy of interventions to modify tibial loads during running is yet to be synthesised and evaluated. This article reviewed the effect of running technique and footwear interventions on tibial loading during running.

Video analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury situations in the women's Australian football league.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates in the Women's Australian Football League (AFLW) are alarmingly high. Understanding injuries within their sporting context is important to develop effective injury prevention strategies, yet there is currently little knowledge of how ACL injuries occur to AFLW players. This study addressed the common scenarios and characteristics of AFLW ACL injuries.

The Effectiveness of Gait Retraining on Running Kinematics, Kinetics, Performance, Pain, and Injury in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of running gait retraining on kinematics, kinetics, performance, pain, and injury in distance runners.

Design: Intervention systematic review with meta-analysis.

Literature Search: Seven electronic databases from inception to March 2021.

A comparison of plantarflexor musculotendon unit output between plyometric exercises and running.

Objectives: Plyometric exercises are used to prevent and rehabilitate plantarflexor running injuries. To facilitate exercise programming, this study compared plantarflexor musculotendon output during running to plyometric exercises.

Design: Experimental study with cross-over.

Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on run performance and biomechanics: A randomized controlled trial.

This parallel-group randomized controlled trial investigated the effect of concurrent strength and endurance (CSE) training on running performance, biomechanics, and muscle activity during overground running. Thirty moderately trained distance runners were randomly assigned to 10-week CSE training (n = 15; 33.1 ± 7.

Kinematic and Coordination Variability in Individuals With Acute and Chronic Patellofemoral Pain.

Altered gait variability occurs in those with patellofemoral pain and may be relevant to pain progression. We examined gait kinematic and coordination variability between individuals with acute and chronic patellofemoral pain and healthy controls. Eighty-three patellofemoral pain runners (37 men and 46 women) and 142 healthy controls (52 men and 90 women) ran on a treadmill while 3-dimensional lower limb kinematic data were collected.

Mechanics, energetics and implementation of grounded running technique: a narrative review.

Grounded running predominantly differs from traditional aerial running by having alternating single and double stance with no flight phase. Approximately, 16% of runners in an open marathon and 33% of recreational runners in a 5 km running event adopted a grounded running technique. Grounded running typically occurs at a speed range of 2-3 m·s, is characterised by a larger duty factor, reduced vertical leg stiffness, lower vertical oscillation of the centre of mass (COM) and greater impact attenuation than aerial running.