Orbital Pumping Incorporating Both Orbital Angular Momentum and Position.

We develop a theory of adiabatic orbital pumping, highlighting qualitative differences from spin pumping. An oscillating magnetic field pumps not only orbital angular momentum current, but also orbital angular position current. The latter, which has no spin counterpart, underscores the incompleteness of existing orbital torque theories.

Spin-torque-driven gigahertz magnetization dynamics in the non-collinear antiferromagnet MnSn.

Non-collinear antiferromagnets, such as MnSn, stand out for their topological properties and potential in antiferromagnetic spintronics. This emerging field aims at harnessing ultrafast magnetization dynamics of antiferromagnets through spin torques. Here we report the time-resolved dynamics of MnSn on a picosecond timescale, driven by an optically induced spin current pulse.

Signatures of longitudinal spin pumping in a magnetic phase transition.

A particle current generated by pumping in the absence of gradients in potential energy, density or temperature is associated with non-trivial dynamics. A representative example is charge pumping that is associated with the quantum Hall effect and the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Spin pumping, the spin equivalent of charge pumping, refers to the emission of a spin current by magnetization dynamics.

PEDF-Enriched Extracellular Vesicle for Vessel Normalization to Potentiate Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy.

The abnormal tumor vasculature acts as the physical and functional barrier to the infiltration and activity of effector T cells, leading to the low response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Herein, antiangiogenic extracellular vesicles that enable normalization of the tumor-associated vasculature were prepared to potentiate the efficacy of ICIs. Small extracellular vesicles were exploited as the delivery platform to protect the antiangiogenic protein, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), from proteolytic degradation.

Disease-microenvironment modulation by bare- or engineered-exosome for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Background: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells and have been extensively studied for their surface markers and internal cargo with unique functions. A deeper understanding of exosomes has allowed their application in various research areas, particularly in diagnostics and therapy.

Main Body: Exosomes have great potential as biomarkers and delivery vehicles for encapsulating therapeutic cargo.

Curvature-sensing peptide inhibits tumour-derived exosomes for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.

Tumour-derived exosomes (T-EXOs) impede immune checkpoint blockade therapies, motivating pharmacological efforts to inhibit them. Inspired by how antiviral curvature-sensing peptides disrupt membrane-enveloped virus particles in the exosome size range, we devised a broadly useful strategy that repurposes an engineered antiviral peptide to disrupt membrane-enveloped T-EXOs for synergistic cancer immunotherapy. The membrane-targeting peptide inhibits T-EXOs from various cancer types and exhibits pH-enhanced membrane disruption relevant to the tumour microenvironment.

Spin Swapping Effect of Band Structure Origin in Centrosymmetric Ferromagnets.

We theoretically demonstrate the spin swapping effect of band structure origin in centrosymmetric ferromagnets. It is mediated by an orbital degree of freedom but does not require inversion asymmetry or impurity spin-orbit scattering. Analytic and tight-binding models reveal that it originates mainly from k points where bands with different spins and different orbitals are nearly degenerate, and thus it has no counterpart in normal metals.

Sulfisoxazole Elicits Robust Antitumour Immune Response Along with Immune Checkpoint Therapy by Inhibiting Exosomal PD-L1.

Despite their potent antitumor activity, clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been significantly limited by their poor response rates (<30%) in cancer patients, primarily due to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. As a representative immune escape mechanism, cancer-derived exosomes have recently been demonstrated to exhaust CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Here, it is reported that sulfisoxazole, a sulfonamide antibacterial, significantly decreases the exosomal PD-L1 level in blood when orally administered to the tumor-bearing mice.

Orbital torque in magnetic bilayers.

The orbital Hall effect describes the generation of the orbital current flowing in a perpendicular direction to an external electric field, analogous to the spin Hall effect. As the orbital current carries the angular momentum as the spin current does, injection of the orbital current into a ferromagnet can result in torque on the magnetization, which provides a way to detect the orbital Hall effect. With this motivation, we examine the current-induced spin-orbit torques in various ferromagnet/heavy metal bilayers by theory and experiment.

Temperature dependence of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to anisotropic magnetoresistance.

Electrical conduction in magnetic materials depends on their magnetization configuration, resulting in various magnetoresistances (MRs). The microscopic mechanisms of MR have so far been attributed to either an intrinsic or extrinsic origin, yet the contribution and temperature dependence of either origin has remained elusive due to experimental limitations. In this study, we independently probed the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the anisotropic MR (AMR) of a permalloy film at varying temperatures using temperature-variable terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

Repurposing macitentan with nanoparticle modulates tumor microenvironment to potentiate immune checkpoint blockade.

Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT), which reinvigorates cytotoxic T cells, provides clinical benefits as an alternative to conventional cancer therapies. However, its clinical response rate is too low to treat an immune-excluded tumor, owing to the presence of abundant stromal elements impeding the penetration of immune cells. Here, we report that macitentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension, can be repositioned to modulate the desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME).

Reactive oxygen species-responsive dendritic cell-derived exosomes for rheumatoid arthritis.

Although tolerogenic dendritic cell-derived exosomes (TolDex) have emerged as promising therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), their clinical applications have been hampered by their poor in vivo disposition after systemic administration. Herein, we report the development of stimuli-responsive TolDex that induces lesion-specific immunoregulation in RA. Responsiveness to reactive oxygen species (ROS), a physiological stimulus in the RA microenvironment, was conferred on TolDex by introducing a thioketal (TK) linker-embedded poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on TolDex surface via hydrophobic insertion.

Necroptosis-Inducible Polymeric Nanobubbles for Enhanced Cancer Sonoimmunotherapy.

Necroptosis, caspase-independent programmed necrosis, has emerged as a therapeutic target to make dying cancer cells stimulants for antitumor immune responses. The clinical translations exploiting necroptosis, however, have been limited since most cancer cells downregulate receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) as a key enzyme for necroptosis. Herein, nanobubbles (NBs) that can trigger RIPK3-independent necroptosis, facilitating cell-membrane rupture via the acoustic cavitation effect are reported.

Metal-Phenolic Network-Coated Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery.

Although self-assembled nanoparticles (SNPs) have been used extensively for targeted drug delivery, their clinical applications have been limited since most of the drugs are released into the blood before they reach their target site. In this study, metal-phenolic network (MPN)-coated SNPs (MPN-SNPs), which consist of an amphiphilic hyaluronic acid derivative, were prepared to be a pH-responsive nanocarrier to facilitate drug release in tumor microenvironments (TME). Due to their amphiphilic nature, SNPs were capable of encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX), chosen as the model anticancer drug.

Nanomedicines for Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Approach: An Emerging Paradigm for Cancer Treatment.

Growth in the knowledge of cancer biology has led to the emergence and evolution of cancer nanomedicines by providing the rationale for leveraging nanotechnology to develop better treatment options. The discovery of nanometer-sized intercellular openings in the defective angiogenic tumor vasculature contributed to the development of an idea for the well-known cancer passive targeting regime, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, of the nanomedicines. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been highlighted as one of the key players that underlie the acquisition of the various hallmarks of cancer.

Bulk Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in amorphous ferrimagnetic alloys.

Symmetry breaking is a fundamental concept that prevails in many branches of physics. In magnetic materials, broken inversion symmetry induces the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), which results in fascinating physical behaviours with the potential for application in future spintronic devices. Here, we report the observation of a bulk DMI in GdFeCo amorphous ferrimagnets.

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanomedicines for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treat cancer, since it facilitates eradication of cancer by enhancing innate and/or adaptive immunity without using cytotoxic drugs. Of the immunotherapeutic approaches, significant clinical potentials are shown in cancer vaccination, immune checkpoint therapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, conventional immunotherapies often involve immune-related adverse effects, such as liver dysfunction, hypophysitis, type I diabetes, and neuropathy.

Recent Progress and Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Cancer Therapy.

The conventional chemotherapeutic agents, used for cancer chemotherapy, have major limitations including non-specificity, ubiquitous biodistribution, low concentration in tumor tissue, and systemic toxicity. In recent years, owing to their unique features, polymeric nanoparticles have been widely used for the target-specific delivery of drugs in the body. Although polymeric nanoparticles have addressed a number of important issues, the bioavailability of drugs at the disease site, and especially upon cellular internalization, remains a challenge.

Ultrasmall gold nanosatellite-bearing transformable hybrid nanoparticles for deep tumor penetration.

Unlabelled: Since delivering drugs to an entire tumoral region leads to high therapeutic efficacy and good prognosis, achieving deep tumoral penetration of drugs is a major issue in cancer treatment. In this regard, conventional nanomedicines (>50 nm) have shown limitations in cancer therapy, primarily attributed to the heterogeneous distribution of drugs because of the physiological barrier of the tumor interstitial space. To address this issue, we prepared transformable hybrid nanoparticles (TNPs) consisting of a pH-responsive nanocarrier (PEG-PBAE) and doxorubicin (DOX)-conjugated ultrasmall (<3 nm) gold nanoparticles (nanosatellites).

A carboxymethyl dextran-based polymeric conjugate as the antigen carrier for cancer immunotherapy.

Background: Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which eliminate target cells bearing antigenic peptides presented by surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, play a key role in cancer immunotherapy. However, the majority of tumors are not immunologically rejected since they express self-antigens which are not recognized by CTLs as foreign. To foreignize these tumors for CTL-mediated immunological rejection, it is essential to develop carriers that can effectively deliver foreign antigens to cancer cells.

Intracellularly Activatable Nanovasodilators To Enhance Passive Cancer Targeting Regime.

Conventional cancer targeting with nanoparticles has been based on the assumed enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The data obtained in clinical trials to date, however, have rarely supported the presence of such an effect. To address this challenge, we formulated intracellular nitric oxide-generating nanoparticles (NO-NPs) for the tumor site-specific delivery of NO, a well-known vasodilator, with the intention of boosting EPR.

Carboxymethyl dextran-based hypoxia-responsive nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery.

In an attempt to develop the hypoxia-responsive nanoparticles for cancer therapy, a polymer conjugate, consisting of carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) and black hole quencher 3 (BHQ3), was prepared. The polymer conjugate can self-assemble into nanoparticles (CMD-BHQ3 NPs) under aqueous conditions. The anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was loaded in CMD-BHQ3 NPs to prepare DOX@CMD-BHQ3 NPs.

Anti-Trop2 antibody-conjugated bioreducible nanoparticles for targeted triple negative breast cancer therapy.

Trop2, a transmembrane glycoprotein, has emerged as a biomarker for targeted cancer therapy since it is overexpressed in 80% of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. For the site-specific delivery of the anticancer drug into TNBC, anti-Trop2 antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ST-NPs) were prepared as the potential nanocarrier, composed of carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) derivatives with bioreducible disulfide bonds. Owing to its amphiphilicity, the CMD derivatives were self-assembled into nano-sized particles in an aqueous condition.

Effects of tumor microenvironments on targeted delivery of glycol chitosan nanoparticles.

In cancer theranostics, the main strategy of nanoparticle-based targeted delivery system has been understood by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of macromolecules. Studies on diverse nanoparticles provide a better understanding of different EPR effects depending on their structure, physicochemical properties, and chemical modifications. Recently the tumor microenvironment has been considered as another important factor for determining tumor-targeted delivery of nanoparticles, but the correlation between EPR effects and tumor microenvironment has not yet been fully elucidated.

Long-Circulating Au-TiO Nanocomposite as a Sonosensitizer for ROS-Mediated Eradication of Cancer.

Although sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional photodynamic therapy, the low quantum yield of the sonosensitizer such as TiO nanoparticles (NPs) is still a major concern. Here, we have developed hydrophilized Au-TiO nanocomposites (HAu-TiO NCs) as sonosensitizers for improved SDT. The physicochemical properties of HAu-TiO NCs were thoroughly studied and compared with their counterparts without gold deposition.