Design and immunological evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against incorporating MIC13, GRA1, and SAG1 antigens in BALB/c mice.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite , is a globally significant yet neglected disease that can cause serious clinical consequences in humans and extensive losses in the livestock industry. However, no effective vaccine has been provided for this parasite, so this study was designed to evaluate the immunogenicity of a chimeric multi-epitope antigen as a potential toxoplasmosis vaccine candidate in a murine model. The multi-epitope vaccine candidate, designed with bioinformatics tools, MGS: a chimera of MIC13, GRA1, and SAG1 antigens, was expressed in BL21 and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography using a His Ni-NTA column.

Evaluation of T-cell Function after Blood Transfusion in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Blood transfusion is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to determine the effect of blood transfusion on T-helper 1 (TH1), TH2, and TH17 function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Two blood samples were obtained from patients undergoing CABG, before and 14 days after surgery.

Effects of ibrutinib and venetoclax on the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in leukemic blasts of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Background: In recent decades, targeted therapy using small molecule inhibitors (SMI) have been shown very promising results in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematopoietic malignancies. However, their exact mechanisms, especiallay on the evasion strategies of tumor cells from the host immune system are not fully understood. The current study investigates the effects of two SMIs, ibrutinib and venetoclax, on the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Does Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Contribute to T-cell Exhaustion in B-ALL?

Background: Glucose deprivation in T lymphocytes can trigger compensatory metabolic pathways, potentially contributing to T-cell exhaustion. Additionally, it may induce the unfolded protein response (UPR), ultimately resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Objective: To examine the transcriptional profiles of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and T-cell exhaustion indicators in CD8+ T lymphocytes isolated from B-ALL patients.

Total IgE levels in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Background: Immune system compartments have a crucial role in the progression or suppression of cancer. Hematologic malignancies are among the most common cancers, and there is conflicting research regarding the role of their relationship with allergies and IgE levels. This study aimed to compare total IgE levels in patients with hematologic malignancies to those in non-cancer controls.

Assessment of simultaneous IgM, IgG avidity, and IgA testing in diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.

Backgrounds: Toxoplasma gondii is a relatively common parasite with a global prevalence that can cause toxoplasmosis. This infection usually does not have clear symptoms, so timely and accurate detection plays a major role in the treatment of this disease. This study reviewed Toxoplasma antibodies dependent serologic tests in pregnancy, assessing their diagnostic effectiveness to guide healthcare providers, particularly obstetricians and gynecologists.

Galactomannan detection in sputum samples of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A promising marker for diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis?

Background And Purpose: Diagnosing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms, variable radiological findings, and limited mycological evidences. While galactomannan (GM) testing has been validated in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), its usefulness in sputum samples for CPA remains unclear. This study aimed to determine an appropriate GM cut-off level in sputum samples and its performance in diagnosis of CPA.

SLAM receptors regulate immune checkpoints via SAP and EAT- 2 in rheumatoid arthritis: association with disease activity.

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate the role of SLAM family receptors (SLAMF1 and SLAMF7), immune checkpoint molecules (PD- 1 and TIGIT), and SH2-containing adaptor proteins (SAP and EAT- 2) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their association with disease activity.

Methods: A total of 50 RA patients (30 inactive, 20 active) and 20 healthy controls were enrolled.

Effects of c-Kit Receptor, AKT, and NF-κB Inhibitors on Immune Evasion in Multiple Myeloma Cells.

Up-regulation of immune checkpoint ligands and secretion of soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment led to the survival of cancerous plasma cells in the bone marrow milieu. Therefore, we investigate the relationship between the inhibition of c-Kit receptor, AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways and the regulation of immune escape mechanisms in multiple myeloma. The U266B1 cell line was treated with Masitinib as a c-Kit receptor inhibitor, Perifosine as AKT inhibitor, and Bortezomib as NF-κB inhibitor either in single or combined form.

Infiltration of innate and adoptive lymphoid cells in 4T1 and MC4-L2 breast cancer models.

Objectives: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident lymphocytes that have vital roles in activating further immune responses. However, due to their tumor-induced diversity, we decided to examine ILCs, T cells, and the associated cytokines in mouse models of breast cancer.

Materials And Methods: 4T1 and MC4-L2 cells were used to induce triple-negative and hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, respectively.

Efficacy of Clindamycin in Preventing Abortion and Vertical Transmission of (PRU Strain) Infection in Pregnant BALB/c Mice.

Background: transmission can occur during pregnancy if the mother contracts the infection for the first time. Treatment strategies include the use of antimicrobial medications and providing supportive care. Spiramycin is commonly used to treat toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and to hinder the disease's transmission.

Design and optimization of IgG avidity test for differentiating acute from chronic human toxoplasmosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Toxoplasmosis which is caused by T. gondii, is common among humans and animals. T.

Structural Prediction and Antigenic Analysis of ROP18, MIC4, and SAG1 Proteins to Improve Vaccine Design against : An Approach.

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan infectious disease in warmblooded mammals that poses a serious worldwide threat due to the lack of effective medications and vaccines.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to design a multi-epitope vaccine using several bioinformatics approaches against the antigens of .

Methods: Three proteins of , including ROP18, MIC4, and SAG1 were analyzed to predict the most dominant B- and T-cell epitopes.

Clinical Significance of TNFSF14/LIGHT and CD160 in Gastric Cancer and Peptic Ulcer Dyspepsia.

Background: Previous studies have reported the role of the Herpes Virus Entry Mediator (HVEM) in various cancer including gastric cancer. However, the expression level and clinical significance of CD160 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14 (TNFSF14) pathways in gastric cancer and gastric dyspepsia patients have remained unexplored.

Methods: The study involved the collection of gastric tissue biopsies from 42 patients with non-ulcerative dyspepsia (NUD) as the control group, 43 gastric cancer (GC) patients, and 48 patients with peptic-ulcerative dyspepsia (PUD).

Evaluation of the Immune Checkpoints, TIM-3 and PD-1, as well as Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-10, and TGF-β along with Diseases Activity in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a skin disease caused by mast cells that produce inflammatory mediators. Immune checkpoint receptors such as program death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) are essential for the pathophysiology of many autoimmune and allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 in CSU patients and their relationship to the anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10).

Effective delivery of anti-PD-L1 siRNA with human heavy chain ferritin (HFn) in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines.

Because of the high biocompatibility, self-assembly capability, and CD71-mediated endocytosis, using human heavy chain ferritin (HFn) as a nanocarrier would greatly increase therapeutic effectiveness and reduce possible adverse events. Anti-PD-L1 siRNA can downregulate the level of PD-L1 on tumor cells, resulting in the activation of effector T cells against leukemia. Therefore, this study aimed to produce the tumor-targeting siPD-L1/HFn nanocarrier.

Cross-talk between leukemic and immune cells at the tumor microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An update review.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a mature-type B cell malignancy correlated with significant changes and defects in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, together with a high dependency on the tumor microenvironment. Overall, the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CLL provides a supportive niche for leukemic cells to grow and survive, and interactions between CLL cells and the TME can contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance. Therefore, the increasing knowledge of the complicated interaction between immune cells and tumor cells, which is responsible for immune evasion and cancer progression, has provided an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Glucose Metabolism in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line Is Regulated via Combinational PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Inhibitors.

Background: Metabolism reprogramming is a survival mechanism in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we investigated the effect of signaling pathway inhibitors on the expression of genes rewired in the metabolic pathway of AML cells.

Methods: HL-60 cells were treated with Idelalisib, MK-2206, and Everolimus, which respectively are selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), either individually or in combination.

Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of Antigen B Purified from Sheep Hydatid Cyst Fluid (HCF) with Commercial ELISA Kit.

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus. CE is a health problem in Middle Eastern countries, such as Iran. The purpose of this study was to purify subunit 8 KDa antigen B from crude sheep hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) and compare its sensitivity and specificity with a commercial human ELISA kit (PT-Hydatid-96).

Expression of Galectin-9-related immune checkpoint receptors in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Objectives: Exhausted CD8+ T-cells over-express immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs), which interact with their ligands on malignant cells. However, some ICRs have been reported to be expressed on both T-cells and tumor cells, including V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), Galectin-9, and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3). We aimed to evaluate the mRNA expression of VISTA, Galectin-9, and TIM-3 on CD8+ T-cells and leukemic cells in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).

Evaluation of mRNA Expressions of TOX and NR4As in CD8+ T cells in Acute Leukemia.

Background: Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX) and members of the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) are known as transcription factors involved in T cell exhaustion.

Objective: To evaluate the mRNA expression of TOX and NR4A1-3 in CD8+ T cells in acute leukemia.

Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 21 ALL and 6 AML patients as well as 20 control subjects.

Combination therapy of acute myeloid leukemia by dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 and TLR-7/8 agonist R848 in murine model.

Background: Due to the high relapse rate and toxicity of the common therapies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), modifications in the treatment strategies are required. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of combinational therapy with a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, and TLR7/8 agonist, R848, on murine AML model.

Methods: BEZ235 and R848 were administered to AML leukemic mice in either a single or combination treatment.

Vaccine Design and Expression of the Multi-Component Protein Candidate against the Parasite from MIC13, GRA1, and SAG1 Antigens.

Background: We aimed to design a B and T cell recombinant protein vaccine of with approach. MIC13 plays an important role in spreading the parasite in the host body. GRA1 causes the persistence of the parasite in the parasitophorous vacuole.

Evaluation of mRNA Expression of CD244 and Its Adapter Molecules in CD8+ T Cells in Acute Leukemia.

Background: This study investigated the role of the immune-checkpoint receptor (ICR), CD244, and its adapter molecules, in CD8+ T cells in acute leukemia.

Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 21 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 6 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and 20 control subjects. Relative gene expression of CD244, immune receptor tyrosine-based switch motif-associated protein (SA), EWS/FLI1-activated transcript 2 (EAT-2), and LncRNA-GSTT1-AS1 were evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.