TMEM119-defined brain macrophage phenotypes in a chronic stress model induced by corticosterone in male mice.

Microglia are crucial for brain immunity, and their phenotypic changes have been implicated in neuroinflammation and the development of depression and anxiety symptoms. The accurate characterization of these changes is challenging due to the interaction of microglia with the brain microenvironment and the presence of central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages that share common markers with microglia. Using the microglia-specific marker TMEM119 and bone marrow chimeric mice, we investigated the changes in microglial activity in mice exposed to chronic corticosterone, a widely used rodent model of stress-related behaviors.

Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning augments the antibacterial activity of renal macrophages and ameliorates acute kidney injury caused by bacteremia in mice.

IntroductionRepeated injections of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS preconditioning) augment the antibacterial activity of liver macrophages. In this study, a mouse model of acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by bacteremia was used to investigate the effects of LPS preconditioning on renal macrophages.MethodsEight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were preconditioned with either low-dose LPS (5 μg/kg) or the vehicle for three consecutive days.

Liver fatty acid-binding protein point-of-care testing detects heat-induced organ damage: a pilot study in Japanese male self-defense force personnel.

Heat-related illnesses cause multiple organ injuries, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent studies have reported that heat-induced AKI can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously reported that urinary levels of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) are elevated in patients with severe heat-related illness.

The Liver X Receptor Promotes Immune Homeostasis via Controlled Activation of the Innate Immune System in the Liver.

The liver is an indispensable metabolic organ, responsible for accumulating and transporting various nutritional compounds in hepatocytes. However, the transport of these materials from the liver is an energetically intensive task because they contain a considerable number of hydrophobic components, including free cholesterol, and require specialized transfer proteins to shuttle these substances through an aqueous phase. Liver X receptors (LXRs) induce the expression of cholesterol transporters in macrophages to transport free cholesterol derived from apoptotic cells into extracellular space via high-density lipoproteins.

Carbon monoxide-loaded red blood cells ameliorate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis progression via enhancing AMP-activated protein kinase activity and inhibiting Kupffer cell activation.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease characterised by fat accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and impaired liver regeneration. In this study, we found that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is induced in both MASH patients and in a MASH mouse model. Further, hepatic carbon monoxide (CO) levels in MASH model mice were >2-fold higher than in healthy mice, suggesting that liver HO-1 is activated as MASH progresses.

Accurate Scaling Functions of the Scaled Schrödinger Equation. II. Variational Examination of the Correct Scaling Functions with the Free Complement Theory Applied to the Helium Atom.

In a previous paper [. 030403.], one of the authors introduced the scaled Schrödinger equation (SSE), ( - )ψ = 0 for atoms and molecules, where the scaling function is the positive function of the electron-nuclear (e-n) and electron-electron (e-e) distances.

Potential Energy Curves of the Low-Lying Five Σ and Π States of a CH Molecule Based on the Free Complement - Local Schrödinger Equation Theory and the Chemical Formula Theory.

The potential energy curves (PECs) of the low-lying five Σ and Π states (XΣ, CΣ, 3Σ, AΠ, and DΠ states) of a CH molecule, an important interstellar molecule, were calculated by the free complement (FC) - local Schrödinger equation (LSE) theory with the direct local sampling scheme. The FC wave functions were constructed based on the chemical formula theory (CFT), whose local characters correspond to the covalent dissociations: C(P°(sp))) + H(S) of the XΣ and AΠ states and the ionic dissociations: C(D(sp)) + H of the CΣ and DΠ states. All the calculated PECs were obtained with satisfying the chemical accuracy, i.

Inhibition of DHCR24 activates LXRα to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and inflammation.

Liver X receptor (LXR) agonism has theoretical potential for treating NAFLD/NASH, but synthetic agonists induce hyperlipidemia in preclinical models. Desmosterol, which is converted by Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) into cholesterol, is a potent endogenous LXR agonist with anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of DHCR24 inhibition on NAFLD/NASH development.

In vitro study on the effect of fibrinogen γ-chain peptide-coated ADP-encapsulated liposomes on postcardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathy using patient blood.

Background: Fibrinogen γ-chain peptide-coated, adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-encapsulated liposomes (H12-ADP-liposomes) are potent hemostatic adjuvants that promote platelet thrombi formation at bleeding sites. Although we have reported the efficacy of these liposomes in a rabbit model of cardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathy, we are yet to address the possibility of their hypercoagulative potential, especially in human beings.

Objectives: Considering its future clinical applications, we herein investigated the safety of using H12-ADP-liposomes in vitro using blood samples from patients who had received platelet transfusion after cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries.

Early treatment with C-reactive protein-derived peptide reduces septic acute kidney injury in mice via controlled activation of kidney macrophages.

The mortality rate for acute kidney injury (AKI) due to sepsis remains high, and effective therapies based on its pathogenesis remain elusive. Macrophages are crucial for clearing bacteria from vital organs, including the kidney, under septic conditions. Excessive macrophage activation results in organ injury.

Antitumor Immunity Exerted by Natural Killer and Natural Killer T Cells in the Liver.

The liver plays crucial roles in systemic immunity and greatly contributes to the systemic defense mechanism. Antitumor immunity in the liver is especially critical for the defense against systemic tumor cell dissemination. To achieve effective defense against metastatic tumor cells, liver immune cells with powerful cytotoxic activities construct a potent defense mechanism.

Pioglitazone Modifies Kupffer Cell Function and Protects against -Induced Bacteremia in Burned Mice.

Infectious complications and subsequent sepsis in severely burned patients lead to high morbidity and mortality in response to uncontrolled innate immune responses mediated by macrophages. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has anti-inflammatory activity and acts as a master regulator of macrophage polarization. In this study, we investigated whether the administration of a PPARγ agonist could modulate the Kupffer cell phenotype and thereby ameliorate the dysregulated innate response during post-burn bacterial infection.

Potential curves of the lower nine states of Li molecule: Accurate calculations with the free complement theory and the comparisons with the SAC/SAC-CI results.

The free-complement (FC) theory proposed for solving the Schrödinger equation of atoms and molecules highly accurately was applied to the calculations of the potential curves of the lower nine states of the Li molecule. The results were compared with the accurate experimental Rydberg-Klein-Rees potential curves available. They overlap completely with each other without any shift everywhere for all the states of Li.

Heat acclimation ameliorated heat stress-induced acute kidney injury and prevented changes in kidney macrophages and fibrosis.

Heatstroke can cause acute kidney injury (AKI), which reportedly progresses to chronic kidney disease. Kidney macrophages may be involved in such injury. Although heat acclimation (HA) provides thermal resilience, its renoprotective effect and mechanism remain unclear.

Mouse Liver B Cells Phagocytose and Initiate Immune Responses against Their Antigens.

Recent studies have revealed that mammalian B cells ingest particulate Ags, such as bacteria, although little is known about the effect of this function on acquired immunity. We investigated the role of bacterium-phagocytosing B cells in acquired host immune responses. Cultured mouse liver B cells substantially phagocytosed serum-opsonized and produced IgM.

Early biomarkers for kidney injury in heat-related illness patients: a prospective observational study at Japanese Self-Defense Force Fuji Hospital.

Background: Since heatstroke-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) can progress to chronic kidney disease, it would be useful to detect heatstroke-induced AKI and severe heat-related illness in the early phase. We studied the epidemiology of heat-related illness among patients in the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force and evaluated the relationship between heat-related illness severity and early urinary biomarkers for AKI.

Methods: We enrolled patients who were diagnosed with heat-related illness at the Self-Defense Force Fuji Hospital from 1 May to 30 September 2020.

Effects of L-Carnitine Treatment on Kidney Mitochondria and Macrophages in Mice with Diabetic Nephropathy.

Introduction: In diabetic nephropathy (DN), mitochondrial dysfunction and leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are caused by the downregulation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). mtDNA induces the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which is present in macrophages (Mφs), and triggers their activation.

Methods: We orally administered L-carnitine, which exerts protective effects on the mitochondria, to obesity-induced DN (db/db) mice for 8 weeks.

Accurate scaling functions of the scaled Schrödinger equation.

The scaling function g of the scaled Schrödinger equation (SSE) is generalized to obtain accurate solutions of the Schrödinger equation (SE) with the free complement (FC) theory. The electron-nuclear and electron-electron scaling functions, g and g, respectively, are generalized. From the relations between SE and SSE at the inter-particle distances being zero and infinity, the scaling function must satisfy the collisional (or coalescent) condition and the asymptotic condition, respectively.

Liver X receptors regulate natural killer T cell population and antitumor activity in the liver of mice.

The nuclear receptors liver X receptor α (LXRα) and LXRβ are lipid sensors that regulate lipid metabolism and immunity. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a T cell subset expressing surface markers of both natural killer cells and T lymphocytes and involved in antitumor immunity, are another abundant immune cell type in the liver. The potential function of the metabolic regulators LXRα/β in hepatic NKT cells remains unknown.