Understanding the environmental fate and risks of organophosphate esters: Challenges in linking precursors, parent compounds, and derivatives.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have emerged as a global environmental and health concern due to their persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) properties. Recently, their precursors-organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs)-and transformation products, which may exhibit greater persistence and toxicity, have gained attention as critical contributors to OPE-related contamination. This critical review examines the transformation mechanisms of "OPAs → OPEs → OPE derivatives" across environments, sources and emission inventory methodologies, and the environmental occurrence, persistence, and toxicity of these chemicals.

Analysis of factors influencing axial length changes in adolescents wearing corneal reshaping lenses.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing axial length changes in adolescents wearing orthokeratology lenses.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 84 adolescents (aged 9-17 yr) who wore orthokeratology lenses at our hospital. Axial length changes were calculated as the difference between the first and last visits.

Effects of global treaties on commercial chemicals widely used as additives: a meta-analysis of historical measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Background: Commercial organic additives, many of which possess persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) features, are widely used in various products. Although some PBT chemicals have been restricted, the risks associated with long-term exposure remain. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants in electronics, textiles, and many everyday products.

Age and initial spherical equivalent influence the axial length elongation in children aged 9-17 years undergoing orthokeratology therapy.

Background: Orthokeratology (Ortho-K) lenses are increasingly used in children to manage myopia by reshaping the cornea and potentially influencing axial length changes. This study investigated factors affecting axial length changes in children aged 9-17 years wearing Ortho-K lenses, focusing on age, initial spherical value, and other parameters.

Methods: This retrospective analysis included 84 children (49 males, 35 females, aged 9-17 years) who wore Ortho-K lenses at the Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University between January 2018 and December 2019, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months.

Toxicokinetics and Mussel Watch: Addressing Interspecies Differences for Coastal Cadmium Contamination Assessment.

Bivalves are often employed for biomonitoring contaminants in marine environments; however, in these large-scale programs, unavoidably, using multiple species presents a significant challenge. Interspecies differences in contaminant bioaccumulation can complicate data interpretation, and direct comparisons among species may result in misleading conclusions. Here, we propose a robust framework based on toxicokinetic measurements that accounts for interspecies differences in bioaccumulation.

Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Emissions, Fate, and Risks of Veterinary Antibiotics in China: An Environmental Fate Modeling Approach.

China is one of the major global consumers of veterinary antibiotics. Insufficient recognition of emissions and environmental contamination hamper global efforts to prevent antibiotic resistance development. This pioneering study combined empirical data and modeling approaches to predict total 2010-2020 emissions of 80 veterinary antibiotics ranging from 23,110 to 40,850 tonnes/year, after 36-50% antibiotic removal by manure treatment.

Interspecies calibration for biomonitoring metal contamination in coastal waters using oysters and mussels.

Differences in metal bioaccumulation among species make it difficult to compare biomonitoring results obtained using different marine bivalve species. To address this challenge and improve the interpretation of biomonitoring data, we studied the toxicokinetic mechanisms underlying these differences and developed a method to estimate seawater metal concentrations based on metal concentrations in the organisms. We transplanted six common species of oysters and mussels found in Chinese coastal waters into the Jiulong River estuary and monitored metal concentrations in the organisms, water, and suspended particles every three days over a six-week period.

Predicting Risks of Cadmium Toxicity in Salinity-Fluctuating Estuarine Waters Using the Toxicokinetic-Toxicodynamic Model.

In estuaries, salinity fluctuates rapidly and continuously, greatly affecting the bioavailability and thus toxicity of contaminants, especially metals, causing difficulties in deriving site-specific water quality criteria. We developed a method for predicting the toxicity of the metal cadmium (Cd) in estuarine waters of any salinity fluctuation scenario. Cd bioaccumulation and toxicity were measured in an estuarine clam under stable salinities (salinity = 5, 15, 25) and fluctuating salinities (5-25), using the toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) framework.

[A clinical study of actual corneal ablation depth in laser in situ keratomileusis].

Purpose: To assess the predictability of corneal ablation depth in LASIK using NIDEK EC5000 excimer laser.

Methods: Standard LASIK surgery was performed in 79 myopic patients with or without astigmatism with the NIDEK EC5000 excimer laser system.Ultrasonic corneal pachymetry was performed immediately after flap creation and after laser ablation during LASIK procedure,by which the actual corneal ablation depth was calculated.