Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in glioblastoma - current understanding and future impact.

Neoplasia represents an interplay between multiple complex biological systems with numerous tumor tissue-linked biomarkers contributing as modulators of tumorigenesis. Several bio-signaling pathways and processes undergo remodeling consequent to multiple mutations and alterations. In particular, cellular or molecular biomarkers, including DNA, messenger RNAs(mRNAs), microRNAs(miRNAs), and proteins, coupled with alterations in genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic profiles, are good potential candidates for acting as biomarkers throughout the natural history of cancer response to therapy.

Target-Specific Locked Nucleic Acid Gapmer Decreases Growth and Metastases of Pancreatic Cancer.

Precision medicine and genomic profiling with target-specific therapy directed to cancer cell receptors have improved the outcome of many recalcitrant cancers. Strategies to deliver gene therapy to downregulate cancer driver genes have been challenging in vivo. Pancreatic cancer has the poorest survival of all solid tumors due to the lack of target-specific therapies and its characteristic tumor microenvironment with dense fibrosis and abundant immunosuppressive M2-polarized macrophages.

Oncolytic immunovirotherapy for high-grade gliomas: A novel and an evolving therapeutic option.

Glioblastoma is one of the most difficult tumor types to manage, having high morbidity and mortality with available therapies (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Immunotherapeutic agents like Oncolytic Viruses (OVs), Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cell therapies are now being extensively used as experimental therapies in the management of glioblastoma. Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging form of anti-cancer therapy, employing nature's own agents to target and destroy glioma cells.

Combinatorial approaches to effective therapy in glioblastoma (GBM): Current status and what the future holds.

The aggressive and recurrent nature of glioblastoma is multifactorial and has been attributed to its biological heterogeneity, dysfunctional metabolic signaling pathways, rigid blood-brain barrier, inherent resistance to standard therapy due to the stemness property of the gliomas cells, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, hypoxia and neoangiogenesis which are very well orchestrated and create the tumor's own highly pro-tumorigenic milieu. Once the relay of events starts amongst these components, eventually it becomes difficult to control the cascade using only the balanced contemporary care of treatment consisting of maximal resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolamide. Over the past few decades, implementation of contemporary treatment modalities has shown benefit to some extent, but no significant overall survival benefit is achieved.