Metabolite changes by combined treatment, ethyl formate and low temperature, in Drosophila suzukii.

Although ethyl formate (EF) fumigant and low temperature applications are widely used for pest management, studies related to their mechanisms of action and subsequent metabolic changes in Drosophila suzukii models are still unclear. In this study, a comparative metabolome analysis was performed to investigate the major metabolites modified by EF and low temperature and how they are related to and affect insect physiology. Most of the identified metabolites function in metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and cofactors.

Comparative Metabolic Profiling in by Combined Treatment of Fumigant Phosphine and Low Temperature.

The mechanisms of action of phosphine are diverse and include neurotoxicity, metabolic inhibition, and oxidative stress; however, its efficacy at low temperatures is unclear. : Comparative metabolomics is suitable for investigating the response of the spotted-wing fly to exposure toward a combination of cold stimuli and fumigant PH. : Under this combined exposure, 52 metabolites exhibiting significant differences in stress were identified and their physiological roles were analyzed in the metabolic pathway.

Sublethal Effects of Spirotetramat, Cyantraniliprole, and Pymetrozine on (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

The toxicity and sublethal effects of three insecticides (spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, and pymetrozine) on , a major agricultural pest, were investigated. The nymphal stage showed greater susceptibility than the adult stage to all the insecticides, with a difference of up to 8.9 times at the LC of spirotetramat.

Development of a Concurrent Treatment Technique of Ethyl Formate and Mixtures (Nitrogen, Phosphine) to Control Citrus Mealybug ().

Currently, the fumigant ethyl formate (EF) is stored as a liquified gas in metal cylinders mixed with carbon dioxide (CO), but this product type is expensive to manufacture, transport, and maintain in cylinders. To address these problems, we developed a new EF fumigation technique with a nitrogen (N) carrier. In this report, the susceptibility of citrus mealybugs, one of the most resistant mealybugs to fumigants, to EF was assessed; the phytotoxicity of an EF + N concurrent treatment applied to banana fruit was examined to evaluate the efficacy compared to the current EF + CO product; and the increased efficacy with a phosphine (PH) addition to EF + N was also assessed.

Effects of host plant on the development and reproduction of (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on horticultural crops.

One of cosmopolitan pest, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), causes serious economic damages in horticultural crops. This pest is difficult to manage and causes irreversible damage because its larvae stay in the ground at day and cut the plant stems at night. Thus, this study compared the host fitness of among nine major horticultural crops in Korea.

Feeding Behavior Comparison of Bean Bugs, and on Different Soybean Cultivars.

(Fabricius) and (Stål) are the major pests that feed on soybean pods, seeds, and fruits. Higher populations and damage occur during the soybean maturity stages (podding to harvest). To compare the feeding behavior of and , we used the six most cultivated cultivars (Daepung-2ho, Daechan, Pungsannamul, Daewon, Seonpung, and Seoritae) in Korea using the electropenetrography (EPG) technique.

Analysis of the Feeding Behavior and Life Table of and (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) under Sublethal Concentrations of Imidacloprid and Sulfoxaflor.

The brown planthopper (BPH) and white-backed planthopper (WBPH) are serious rice insect pests that cannot overwinter in Korea and migrate from southeast Asian countries and China. In this study, we investigated the sublethal effects of imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor on the biological parameters and feeding behavior of planthoppers. These sublethal concentrations significantly decreased the net reproduction rate (), the intrinsic rate of increase (), and the mean generation time ().

Synergistic Effect of Cold Treatment Combined with Ethyl Formate Fumigation against (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

Drosophila suzukii is a quarantine pest that is rapidly spreading in berries. This study evaluated the synergistic effect of combination treatment with ethyl formate (EF) and cold temperature for D. suzukii control on imported grapes.

Effectiveness of Ethyl Formate as a Fumigant of and (Blattodea: Ectobiidae, Blattidae) in Cross-Border Trade Transportation.

Cockroaches cause problems as pests not only locally in residential areas but also internationally, as they can disperse across borders in transport vessels. We investigated the effects of the ethyl formate (EF) fumigant on all developmental stages of and . For eggs, the hatching inhibition rate increased directly proportionately with the increasing treatment concentration of EF, but the 100% control was not observed.

Susceptibility to Acaricides and the Frequencies of Point Mutations in Etoxazole- and Pyridaben-Resistant Strains and Field Populations of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite Koch is a major agricultural pest worldwide and is known to rapidly develop resistance to pesticides. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in 2000 and 2003 and has been exhibiting resistance to etoxazole and pyridaben over the last 16 years. The resistance ratios of the etoxazole- and pyridaben-resistant strains (ER and PR) to etoxazole or pyridaben were more than 5,000,000- and 4109.

Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide.

Phosphine resistance is occurring among stored-grain pests worldwide. This study investigated the fumigation activity of phosphine (PH) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) against domestic strain (d-strain) , resistance strain (r-strain) . and .

Target-Site Mutations and Glutathione -Transferases Are Associated with Acequinocyl and Pyridaben Resistance in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite is a difficult-to-control pest due to its short life cycle and rapid resistance development. In this study, we characterized field strains collected in 2001 and 2003 that were selected for acequinocyl resistance (AR) and pyridaben resistance (PR), respectively. These strains displayed resistance ratios of 1798.

Control of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Trialeurodes vaporariorum, with Electron Beam and X-Ray Radiation of Fresh Strawberies for Export.

Strawberry ( Duch) is one of the representative fresh agricultural products exported overseas from South Korea. The greenhouse whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), , is an economically important insect pest of commercial strawberries in South Korea. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of electron beam and X-ray on the development and reproduction of .

Ethyl Formate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Phytosanitary Disinfestation of Imported Banana in Korea With Logistical Considerations.

Methyl bromide (MB) use for quarantine and phytosanitary purposes is being phased out. Several effective MB alternatives have been identified depending on the target system. Industry commitment for the shift to new technologies will depend not only on the efficacy of alternatives but also on their compatibility and integrability into existing operations.

Gamma-Ray Irradiation Control of Whiteflies Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum in the Exportation of Fresh Strawberries.

Whitefly pests, including the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are economically important in agriculture. With the annual growth of the domestic fresh fruit export market, various quarantine treatment methods are being used to export strawberries of better quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of gamma rays on the development and reproductive sterility of B.

Toxicity and effects of essential oils and their components on Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae).

The acaricidal activity of 30 essential oils against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, female adults and behavioral responses of the mites to these essential oils were investigated. Cinnamon bark oil and clove bud oil showed 100% acaricidal activity after 24 h in the 1.3 μg/m treatment.

Acequinocyl Resistance Associated With I256V and N321S Mutations in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species, because it devastates many horticultural and ornamental crops and fruit trees. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in January 2001 and then selected for 16 years for acequinocyl resistance. The resistance ratios calculated for the LC50 value in the laboratory-selected acequinocyl-resistant (LSAR16) strain was 4,237-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain.

Elucidation of molecular expression associated with abnormal development and sterility caused by electron beam irradiation in Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to elucidate the mode of indirect action of electron beam irradiation at the molecular level against a quarantine pest, Spodoptera litura (F.).

Material And Methods: Electron beam irradiation (50-200 Gy) was applied to S.

Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Phosphine as Fumigants for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Asparagus.

The insecticidal activity of phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) toward Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and their phytotoxicity to asparagus were evaluated. Both the PH3 and EF fumigants showed higher lethal concentration and time (LCT) values at lower temperatures. The LCT99 values of PH3 and EF at 5°C in a 12 liters desiccator for 4 h showed the following ranking: eggs (64.

Fumigation Activity of Ethyl Formate and Phosphine Against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Imported Sweet Pumpkin.

This study investigated an alternative fumigant for imported sweet pumpkin. Laboratory fumigations with ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) alone and in combination were conducted at different temperatures in 12-liter desiccators to determine their efficacy and synergism against adults and eggs of two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch), a major pest of sweet pumpkins; larger scale fumigations with EF were also performed to evaluate the impact of EF fumigation on the postharvest quality of sweet pumpkin and EF absorption. EF fumigation of 4 h achieved 100% control of both adults and eggs at 10°C.

Acaricidal and repellent effects of Cnidium officinale-derived material against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae).

The acaricidal activity of a methanolic extract and fractions from the rhizome of Cnidium officinale against Dermanyssus gallinae adults was investigated. The C. officinale methanolic extract exhibited 100% acaricidal activity after 48 h of treatment at a dose of 4000 ppm.

Electron Beam-Induced Sterility and Inhibition of Ovarian Development in the Sakhalin Pine Longicorn, Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

The Sakhalin pine longicorn, Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is an insect vector of the pine wilt nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, and is widely distributed in central Korea. M. saltuarius is a forest pest that seriously damages Pinus densiflora (Siebold et Zucc, Pinales: Pinaceae) and Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc, Pinales: Pinaceae) forests.

Repellent Activity of Apiaceae Plant Essential Oils and their Constituents Against Adult German Cockroaches.

We evaluated the repellent activity of 12 Apiaceae plant essential oils and their components against male and female adult German cockroaches, Blattella germanica L., to find new natural repellents. Of all the plant essential oils tested, ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.