Molecular Characterization of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Korea from 2018 to 2022.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic disease in the Republic of Korea. Surveillance of PRRS virus (PRRSV) types is critical to tailor control measures. This study collected 5062 serum and tissue samples between 2018 and 2022.

Evaluation and Determination of a Suitable Passage Number of Codon Pair Deoptimized PRRSV-1 Vaccine Candidate in Pigs.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is major economic problem given its effects on swine health and productivity. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic stability of a codon pair de-optimized (CPD) PRRSV, E38-ORF7 CPD, as well as the master seed passage threshold that elicited an effective immune response in pigs against heterologous virus challenge. The genetic stability and immune response of every 10th passage (out of 40) of E38-ORF7 CPD was analyzed through whole genome sequencing and inoculation in 3-week-old pigs.

Codon Pair Deoptimization (CPD)-Attenuated PRRSV-1 Vaccination Exhibit Immunity to Virulent PRRSV Challenge in Pigs.

Commercially used porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) modified live virus (MLV) vaccines provide limited protection with heterologous viruses, can revert back to a virulent form and they tend to recombine with circulating wild-type strains. Codon pair deoptimization (CPD) is an advanced method to attenuate a virus that overcomes the disadvantages of MLV vaccines and is effective in various virus vaccine models. The CPD vaccine against PRRSV-2 was successfully tested in our previous study.

Susceptibility to Acaricides and the Frequencies of Point Mutations in Etoxazole- and Pyridaben-Resistant Strains and Field Populations of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite Koch is a major agricultural pest worldwide and is known to rapidly develop resistance to pesticides. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in 2000 and 2003 and has been exhibiting resistance to etoxazole and pyridaben over the last 16 years. The resistance ratios of the etoxazole- and pyridaben-resistant strains (ER and PR) to etoxazole or pyridaben were more than 5,000,000- and 4109.

Current status of pharmacovigilance regulatory structures, processes, and outcomes in the Asia-Pacific region: Survey results from 15 countries.

Purpose: Regulatory discrepancies may exist in pharmacovigilance (PV) structure, process, and outcome status worldwide. Our study's objective was to survey the current status of PV in each regulatory body in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region.

Methods: A modified questionnaire was sent to the PV team heads of 21 PV agencies based in the APEC countries, between June 28 and September 12, 2017, to gather information on the structure, process, and outcome of PV status in these countries.

Evidence for recent acquisition and successful transmission of bla(CTX-M-15) in Salmonella enterica in South Korea.

We identified two distinct bla(CTX-M)-bearing and five distinct bla(CMY-2)-bearing genetic structures located on plasmids from Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates (n = 35) collected from chickens in South Korea. All Salmonella plasmids shared a common replicon, bla(CTX-M-15) transposon, and core resistance phenotype, while E. coli bla(CTX-M-15) plasmids included four distinct replicons.

Comparative proteome and transcriptome analyses of wild-type and live vaccine strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum.

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in chickens and is of economic importance to the chicken industry. A serovar Gallinarum live vaccine strain 9R (SG 9R) has been used to control fowl typhoid in many areas where the disease is endemic. Because the attenuation mechanism of SG 9R was not defined, there has been continued concern about reversion to virulence.

Isolation and epidemiological characterization of heat-labile enterotoxin-producing Escherichia fergusonii from healthy chickens.

Escherichia fergusonii has been associated with a wide variety of intestinal and extraintestinal infections in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing E. fergusonii in healthy chickens and its plasmid-mediated LT toxin gene transfer to other Enterobacteriaceae.

Differential identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum and the biovar Gallinarum live vaccine strain 9R.

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in chickens and has been of economic importance to the chicken industry in many countries. The biovar Gallinarum live vaccine strain 9R (SG 9R) has been used to control fowl typhoid in many areas where the disease is endemic. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis of this disease may require differentiation of wild-type field isolates of biovar Gallinarum from the live vaccine strain SG 9R.

Direct and quantitative analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using real-time PCR from artificially contaminated chicken meat.

For quantitative PCR assay of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in food samples, a real-time PCR method was developed, based on DNA genome equivalent. Specific primers and probe designed based on the STM4497 gene of S. Typhimurium LT2 showed the specificity to S.