A Comprehensive Review on Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF): Histological Spectrum, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Molecular Pathophysiology, and Current Treatment Options.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) results from progressive lung tissue damage, which resembles the lung tissue scarring that disrupts gas exchange, leading to lower oxygen exchange capabilities. Various environmental dangers and autoimmune illnesses, together with specific infections and particular medications, serve as primary causes for PF development. This review intends to provide an overview of PF with respect to the tissue changes, diagnostic methods, risk factors, underlying biological mechanisms, and current treatment options.

Targeting miRNAs in renal cell carcinoma: emerging therapeutic strategies.

About one-third of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients present with metastatic disease upon diagnosis because of the retroperitoneal location of the kidneys, which causes many tumors to stay asymptomatic. Besides, shortly after 5 years following successful curative surgery, nearly 30% of individuals develop distant cancer metastases and recurrences. This is mostly attributable to the complex and diverse characteristics of the tumor microenvironment.

Health Benefits of Phytosterols in the Management of Several Non-Communicable Disorders.

Phytosterols, encompassing plant sterols and stanols, are bioactive compounds prevalent in plant-derived foods. These compounds have garnered attention for their extensive pharmacological properties, which include cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, wound healing, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging effects, as well as potential applications in managing ocular diseases and hormonal disturbances. Recent studies indicate that phytosterols may significantly reduce lipid profiles, thereby mitigating cardiovascular disease risk.

Carbazole Alkaloids as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents: A Focus on Plant-Derived Natural Alkaloids.

With the increasing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and a decline in the development of new antimicrobial drugs, there is an urgent need to discover and develop novel agents to combat antibiotic resistance and prevent a potential return to a post-antibiotic era. Various factors contribute to microbial resistance, including both inherent and acquired mechanisms. Biofilm formation stands out as a key virulence determinant in many bacterial infections, significantly enhancing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and evading host defenses.

Combined neuroprotective potential of vitamin E and levodopa/carbidopa in a rat model of rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease: role of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α and HMGB1/RAGE axes.

This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of vitamin E in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) rat model, in comparison to levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD), and evaluated the benefit of their combined use. PD was induced by rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/day, i.

A comparison of the expression patterns and diagnostic capability of the ncRNAs NEAT1 and miR-34a in non-obstructive azoospermia and severe oligospermia.

Infertility is a major global health problem, affecting 8-12% of couples worldwide, with male causes contributing to approximately 50% of cases. Notably, around 15% of infertile men are azoospermic. Consequently, there is a critical necessity to find noninvasive biomarkers to help in diagnosing and assessing the susceptibility of patients with various infertility disorders.

Unravelling the potency of the 4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile scaffold with -arylamide hybrids as PIM-1 kinase inhibitors: synthesis, biological activity and studies.

PIM-1 is a type of serine/threonine kinase that plays a crucial role in controlling several vital processes, including proliferation and apoptosis. New synthetic -amide tetrahydropyrimidinone derivatives were designed and synthesized as PIM-1 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. Several biochemical assays were performed for anticancer assessment, including PIM-1 inhibitory assays, MTT, apoptosis and cell cycle, gene expression analysis, analysis, and ATPase inhibitory assays.

Targeting TLR4/NF-κB signaling, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by farnesol mitigates cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal, and its detrimental effects on reproductive health pose a significant risk to the general population. Farnesol (FAR), a sesquiterpene alcohol, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study investigated the protective effects of FAR against Cd-induced testicular toxicity, focusing on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Innovative perspectives on glioblastoma: the emerging role of long non-coding RNAs.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumor. Recent advancements have highlighted the crucial role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in GBM's molecular biology. Unlike protein-coding RNAs, lncRNAs regulate gene expression through transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, and chromatin remodeling.

Herbal remedies for oral and dental health: a comprehensive review of their multifaceted mechanisms including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant pathways.

Across diverse cultures, herbal remedies have been used to alleviate oral discomfort and maintain dental hygiene. This review presents studies on herbal remedies with remarkable antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anticaries, analgesic, and healing properties. The manuscripts demonstrate the depth of scientific inquiry into herbal remedies used for the management of various oral and dental health conditions.

From fatty liver to fibrosis: the impact of miRNAs on NAFLD and NASH.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease with various levels varying from fatty liver steatosis to acute steatosis which is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can develop into hepatic failure, as well as in some conditions it can develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the NAFLD and NASH context, aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression has a thorough contribution to the incidence and development of these liver disorders by influencing key biological actions, involving lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysregulated miRNAs can disrupt the balance between lipid accumulation and clearance, exacerbate inflammatory responses, and promote fibrogenesis, thus advancing the severeness of the disorder from simple steatosis to more complex NASH.

Role of long non-coding RNAs and natural products in prostate cancer: insights into key signaling pathways.

Prostate cancer (PC) ranks among the most prevalent cancers in males. Recent studies have highlighted intricate connections between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), natural products, and cellular signaling in PC development. LncRNAs, which are RNA transcripts without protein-coding function, influence cell growth, programmed cell death, metastasis, and resistance to treatments through pathways like PI3K/AKT, WNT/β-catenin, and androgen receptor signaling.

The diagnostic and predictive potential of lncRNA CASC2 targeting miR-155 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with nephritis complication.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious problem that results from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complications. Recent studies have highlighted that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) dysregulation is a notable feature in patients with SLE. As a result, this research was designed to investigate lncRNA CASC2 and miR-155 levels as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in SLE patients, including those with and without nephritis, and to investigate their effectiveness in assessing disease severity and predicting LN.

Farnesol attenuates cadmium-induced kidney injury by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and necroptosis and upregulating cytoglobin and PPARγ in rats.

Heavy metals are environmental pollutants that can harm animals and humans even at low concentrations. Cadmium (Cd) is known for its serious health effects on different organs and its toxicity is associated with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Farnesol (FAR), a sesquiterpene alcohol found in many vegetables and fruits, possesses promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Melodic maestros: Unraveling the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly lethal form of pleural cancer characterized by a scarcity of effective therapeutic interventions, resulting in unfavorable prognoses for afflicted individuals. Besides, many patients experience substantial consequences from being diagnosed in advanced stages. The available diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options for MPM are restricted in scope.

Azithromycin Mitigates Cisplatin-Induced Lung Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Necroptosis by Upregulating SIRT1, PPARγ, and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the adverse effects of the antineoplastic agent cisplatin (CIS). Oxidative stress, inflammation, and necroptosis are linked to the emergence of lung injury in various disorders. This study evaluated the effect of the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and necroptosis in the lungs of CIS-administered rats, pinpointing the involvement of PPARγ, SIRT1, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Candesartan Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Lung Injury by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TLR-4/NF-κB, JAK1/STAT3, and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling.

Cisplatin (CIS) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against different cancers. The use of CIS is associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and other adverse effects, and oxidative stress and inflammation were implicated in its toxic effects. Candesartan (CAN), an angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, showed beneficial effects against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Mitochondrial DNA in Fresh versus Frozen Embryo Culture Media of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Patients Undergoing Invitro Fertilization: A Possible Predictive Marker of a Successful Pregnancy.

Purpose: Frozen embryos transfer (ET) may improve the live-birth and reduce rates of ovarian hyperstimulation in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Morphological criteria are the classical way for embryo selection, yet recently, many biochemical and genetic markers have been developed. This study aimed to compare fresh and frozen ET using the mtDNA/gDNA ratio of embryo secretome and the possibility of using this ratio as a predictive marker of PCOS pregnancy rate.

MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN AND RESPONSE TO PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA-2A TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) GENOTYPE 4.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection varies across the world, with the highest number of infections reported in Egypt. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemokine, and its hepatic expression is up-regulated during chronic HCV infection. Fifty naive patients with chronic hepatitis C in National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute and 20 healthy volunteers as controls were enrolled in a prospective study designed with strict inclusion criteria to nullify the effect of confounding variables and further minimize selection bias.