Regulating nanomedicines: challenges, opportunities, and the path forward.

Over the past decade, nanomedicines have witnessed significant advancements, with various nanocarriers being introduced into clinical practice. Despite this progress, the absence of a well-defined regulatory framework presents major challenges for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Challenges in biocompatibility, nanotoxicology, and regulatory oversight limit the clinical translation of nanomedicines.

Development and biodistribution of folate-targeted nanolipid system for erlotinib in breast cancer treatment.

Aim: The aim of the study was to develop folate targeted nanolipid carrier system (FA-ERT-NLCs) and study its in vivo oral biodistribution study for its absorption mechanism.

Materials & Methods: Folic acid was conjugated through pyridine and EDC chemistry. FA-ERT-NLCs was developed by high-pressure homogenization and parameters were optimized through design expert software.

Patient-centred outcome measures for oncological surgery: a narrative review.

Introduction: Peri-operative medicine is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of managing frail patients with cancer. This paper outlines how demographic shifts in populations are affecting cancer incidence and frailty rates, the relevance this holds to the management of cancer care, and the outcome measures that should be used to gauge best clinical practice to ensure patient-centred care.

Methods: A targeted literature review was conducted using the search terms 'surgical oncology', 'outcomes', 'frailty', 'quality of life' and 'end of life' from 10 to 17 June 2024.

Nasal microbiome dynamics: decoding the intricate nexus in the progression of respiratory and neurological diseases.

In recent times, the nasal region has emerged as a distinctive and dynamic environment where a myriad of microbial communities establish residence from infancy, persisting as both commensal and opportunistic pathogens throughout the lifespan. Understanding the coexistence of microorganisms in respiratory mucosal layers, their potential for infections, and the underlying molecular mechanisms shaping these interactions is crucial for developing efficient diagnostic and therapeutic interventions against respiratory and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite significant strides in understanding the olfactory system's nexus with nasal microbiota, comprehensive correlations with neurological diseases still need to be discovered.

Oral in vivo biodistribution of fluorescent labelled nano lipid carrier system of erlotinib using real time optical imaging technique.

This study investigates the biodistribution of a nano lipid carrier system (NLCs) containing the hydrophobic drug erlotinib (ERL-NLCs). The system was labelled with the fluorescent dye IR-780 for real-time dynamic imaging. ERL-NLCs were initially developed using the ultrasonication method with oleic acid and stearic acid.

Effect of loss-of-function CYP2C19 variants on clinical outcomes in coronary artery disease patients treated with clopidogrel: A systematic meta-analysis approach.

For many years, clopidogrel has been a commonly utilised antiplatelet drug in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD). It's thought that the CYP2C19 loss of function (LoF) polymorphism causes clopidogrel's poor metabolism, which eventually leads to resistance. Previous research produced extremely divergent and inconsistent results, making it impossible to draw definitive conclusions.

Development and evaluation of berberine-loaded bigel for the treatment of hyperpigmentation on B16F10 melanoma cell line.

The aim of this study was to optimize, develop, characterize and evaluate a topical nanobigel (BG) formulation containing Berberine (BRB) that exhibits anti-melanogenic properties. The Berberine-loaded bigel (BRB@BG) formulation was prepared by homogenously mixing the optimized hydrogel and oleogel. BRB@BG was characterized and cytotoxicity study was conducted to evaluate its effects on murine skin melanoma B16F10 cell lines.

Multifaceted role of erlotinib in various cancer: nanotechnology intervention, patent landscape, and advancements in clinical trials.

Erlotinib (ELB) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the activity of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) protein found in both healthy and cancerous cells. It binds reversibly to the ATP-binding site of the EGFR tyrosine kinase. ELB was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment in patients who relapsed after at least one other therapy.

An overview of regulation for nutraceuticals and concept of personalized nutraceuticals.

Nutraceuticals are essentially nutritional components that have a vital role in developing and maintaining the body's regular functions, which keeps people healthy. The nutraceutical sector is also primarily driven by the existing global population and trends. Examples of foods considered as nutraceuticals include prebiotics, fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, antioxidants, and other natural or herbal foods.

Development of erlotinib-loaded nanotransferosomal gel for the topical treatment of ductal carcinoma .

This study was aimed to formulate erlotinib (ERL)-loaded transferosomal gel (ERL@TG) intended for topical application for the treatment of ductal carcinoma . The optimized process involved a thin-film hydration method to generate ERL-loaded transferosomes (ERL@TFS), which was incorporated into a carbopol gel matrix to generate ERL@TG. The optimized formulation was characterized followed by cytotoxicity evaluation on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and acute toxicity and skin irritation studies was performed .

Lipid Horizons: Recent Advances and Future Prospects in LBDDS for Oral Administration of Antihypertensive Agents.

The lipid-based drug delivery system (LBDDS) is a well-established technique that is anticipated to bring about comprehensive transformations in the pharmaceutical field, impacting the management and administration of drugs, as well as treatment and diagnosis. Various LBDDSs verified to be an efficacious mechanism for monitoring hypertension systems are SEDDS (self-nano emulsifying drug delivery), nanoemulsion, microemulsions, vesicular systems (transferosomes and liposomes), and solid lipid nanoparticles. LBDDSs overcome the shortcomings that are associated with antihypertensive agents because around fifty percent of the antihypertensive agents experience a few drawbacks including short half-life because of hepatic first-pass metabolism, poor aqueous solubility, low permeation rate, and undesirable side effects.

Revisiting the significance of nano-vitamin D for food fortification and therapeutic application.

Objective: Vitamin D (a prohormone) is an important micronutrient required by the body for skeletal homeostasis and a range of non-skeletal actions. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, regulates a variety of cellular and metabolic processes through both genomic and nongenomic pathways. Often prescribed for treating rickets and osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency can exacerbate various other medical conditions.

Design and Development of a Topical Nanogel Formulation Comprising of a Unani Medicinal Agent for the Management of Pain.

The oil of the Unani medicinal herb Baboona () has shown potential in the management of pain. However, predicaments such as poor skin penetration, skin sensitization, liable to degradation, and volatile nature restrict its use. Therefore, our group for the first time has developed a carrier-based delivery system to facilitate the direct application of chamomile oil to the forehead.

The emerging potential of siRNA nanotherapeutics in treatment of arthritis.

RNA interference (RNAi) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) has shown potential as a therapeutic option for the treatment of arthritis by silencing specific genes. However, siRNA delivery faces several challenges, including stability, targeting, off-target effects, endosomal escape, immune response activation, intravascular degradation, and renal clearance. A variety of nanotherapeutics like lipidic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles have been developed to improve siRNA cellular uptake, protect it from degradation, and enhance its therapeutic efficacy.

Amelioration of the therapeutic potential of gefitinib against breast cancer using nanostructured lipid carriers.

This study aimed to improve the delivery and therapeutic potential of gefitinib (GTB) against breast cancer by preparing GTB-loaded, nanostructured lipid carriers (GTB-NLCs). Box-Behnken design was used for optimization and GTB was loaded into NLCs using ultrasonication. The GTB-NLCs were characterized using , and studies.

Evaluation of three different Tc-based mock-venom agents for lymphoscintigraphy studies in preclinical models of peripheral snakebite envenomation.

Snakebite envenomation is one of the major public health concerns across many countries; with the WHO designating it as a 'priority neglected tropical disease' and stressing for a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to reduce death and disability rate by end of 2030. Since a major component of venom; the high molecular weight (HMw) toxins enter the bloodstream through lymphatic system, research is focusing on modulating the lymphatic flow rate after topical application of suitable drug candidates. Present study compared the suitability of three radiopharmaceutical agents, namely Tc-Sulfur colloid (SC), Tc-Phytate (Phy) and Tc-Human serum albumin (HSA), to be used as mock-venom agent in studying modulation in lymphatic flow rate in preclinical models of peripheral snakebite envenomation using lymphoscintigraphy studies.

Consensus Guidelines for Perioperative Care for Emergency Laparotomy Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations Part 2-Emergency Laparotomy: Intra- and Postoperative Care.

Background: This is Part 2 of the first consensus guidelines for optimal care of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy (EL) using an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) approach. This paper addresses intra- and postoperative aspects of care.

Methods: Experts in aspects of management of high-risk and emergency general surgical patients were invited to contribute by the International ERAS Society.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Consensus Guidelines for Emergency Laparotomy Part 3: Organizational Aspects and General Considerations for Management of the Emergency Laparotomy Patient.

Background: This is Part 3 of the first consensus guidelines for optimal care of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy using an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) approach. This paper addresses organizational aspects of care.

Methods: Experts in management of the high-risk and emergency general surgical patient were invited to contribute by the International ERAS® Society.

A review of nanomaterials from synthetic and natural molecules for prospective breast cancer nanotherapy.

Breast cancer being one of the most frequent cancers in women accounts for almost a quarter of all cancer cases. Early and late-stage breast cancer outcomes have improved dramatically, with considerable gains in overall survival rate and disease-free state. However, the current therapy of breast cancer suffers from drug resistance leading to relapse and recurrence of the disease.

Chitosan-Based Polymer Blends for Drug Delivery Systems.

Polymers have been widely used for the development of drug delivery systems accommodating the regulated release of therapeutic agents in consistent doses over a long period, cyclic dosing, and the adjustable release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Nowadays, polymer blends are increasingly employed in drug development as they generate more promising results when compared to those of homopolymers. This review article describes the recent research efforts focusing on the utilization of chitosan blends with other polymers in an attempt to enhance the properties of chitosan.

Herbal Approach for Diabetic Cure and Futuristic Dimension.

Engulfing almost 537 million people, the most commonly occurring metabolic disorder, diabetes mellitus, is emerging as an epidemic worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is identified as a heterogeneous pathological condition that is marked by extreme hyperglycemic (glucose) levels caused by reduced insulin sensitivity. Synthetic antidiabetic medications are widely commercialized but have slowly expressed several inevitable side effects and limitations in treated diabetic subjects.

Recent Avenues in Treatment of Liver Diseases: Role of Nanotechnology.

Background: Worldwide, millions of people are affected by liver disorders and issues, and the successful treatment of patients seems challenging even after many treatment strategies. Presently, doctors are left with treatments like liver transplantation and resection. Researchers found it challenging to target the liver due to various drawbacks such as opsonization, mechanical entrapment, and RES uptake.

Precision medicine: Ray of hope in overcoming cancer multidrug resistance.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) developed in response to chemotherapy is one of the prominent causes of therapeutic failure. The major underlying factors that contribute to such malignancies include tumor microenvironment, genetic alterations, changes at the cellular level and most of all the heterogeneity of tumors. Recent advances in the field of oncology have prompted a mechanistic understanding of the human genome which is responsible for such alterations, upon which the therapy would be designed.

Gefitinib: An Updated Review of its Role in the Cancer Management, its Nanotechnological Interventions, Recent Patents and Clinical Trials.

Background: Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effectively used in the targeted treatment of malignant conditions. It suppresses the signal transduction cascades leading to cell proliferation in the tumors and is now currently approved in several countries globally as secondline and third-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Objective: This review is aimed to summarize the journey of gefitinib as an established anticancer drug for the management of various cancers.