Dual-Parameter Hypoxia Sensing in Spermatozoa: A Transformative Nitroreductase/Viscosity Fluorescent Probe Unravels Metabolic Dysregulation Biomarkers for Andrological Diagnostics.

Sperm energy metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, is critical for sperm function. Environmental stressors like hypoxia can disrupt metabolic activities, potentially leading to fertilization failure. As an NADH-dependent flavin reductase, altered nitroreductase (NTR) levels may reflect hypoxic metabolic abnormalities.

Activation of PTH1R alleviates epididymitis and orchitis through Gq and β-arrestin-1 pathways.

Inflammation in the epididymis and testis contributes significantly to male infertility. Alternative therapeutic avenues treating epididymitis and orchitis are expected since current therapies using antibiotics have limitations associated to side effects and are commonly ineffective for inflammation due to nonbacterial causes. Here, we demonstrated that type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) and its endogenous agonists, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP), were mainly expressed in the Leydig cells of testis as well as epididymal epithelial cells.