Plasma cytokine and chemokine levels during natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in young bulls on feedlots.

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young cattle upon feedlot arrival. The immune response plays a dual role in infection control and lung tissue damage, but few studies have assessed cytokine levels during natural BRD outbreaks. Advances in multiplexed assays now allow for broader cytokine and chemokine profiling in cattle.

Swine influenza A virus infection sets the local immunological landscape in subsequent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Farmed pigs are frequently exposed to respiratory infections, with swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) being key drivers. Most co-infection studies with these viruses have focused on PRRSV infection followed by swIAV. However, the reverse scenario, where swIAV is given first and then PRRSV, has not been explored.

Thoracic Ultrasonography Findings and Their Association With Respiratory Pathogens in 221 Young Beef Cattle at Fattening Farms: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) could improve antibiotic treatment selection in cattle with respiratory diseases.

Hypothesis/objectives: Evaluate the association between respiratory pathogens and consolidations on TUS in feedlot cattle, at both individual and group levels.

Animals: A total of 221 bulls, aged 8.

The GP2a 91/97/98 amino acid substitutions play critical roles in determining PRRSV tropism and infectivity but do not affect immune responses.

Unlabelled: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates share a restricted cellular tropism. Marc-145 cells derived from African green monkey are one of the few cell lines supporting PRRSV propagation and are commonly used for PRRS vaccine development. However, currently prevalent PRRSV isolates display different Marc-145 cell tropism while the exact determinant is not clarified yet.

Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Treated at a Wildlife Health Center in Northwestern France.

The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is commonly observed in France, residing near human facilities, and is the most frequently treated mammal species in wildlife rehabilitation centers. Consequently, contacts with humans can lead to the potential transmission of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, between species. Although the presence of S.

Piggybacking on nature: exploring the multifaceted world of porcine β-defensins.

Porcine β-defensins (pBDs) are cationic peptides that are classically associated with the innate immune system. These molecules yield both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, as evidenced by various in vitro and animal trials. Researchers have revealed that enhancing pBD expression can be achieved through dietary components and gene editing techniques in pigs and porcine cell models.

The capsid protein p72 specific mAb and the corresponding novel epitope based ELISAs for detection of ASFV infection.

The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to the global pig farming industry. The major icosahedral capsid protein p72 plays a key role in the assembly of virus particles and infection process. As one major antigen of ASFV, p72 has been widely utilized as a marker for diagnosing infection.

Elegant and Innovative Recoding Strategies for Advancing Vaccine Development.

Recoding strategies have emerged as a promising approach for developing safer and more effective vaccines by altering the genetic structure of microorganisms, such as viruses, without changing their proteins. This method enhances vaccine safety and efficacy while minimizing the risk of reversion to virulence. Recoding enhances the frequency of CpG dinucleotides, which in turn activates immune responses and ensures a strong attenuation of the pathogens.

Methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible in French hedgehogs admitted to a wildlife health center.

The gene conferring methicillin-resistance has always been found on a SCC type XI element and is largely restricted to the few clonal complexes CC130, CC1943, CC425, CC49 and CC599. The occurrence of the gene in many different hosts highlighted its One Health importance, even though European hedgehogs () are considered its natural reservoir, most probably because of the selective pressure imposed by beta-lactam-producing dermatophytes () that colonize the skin of these mammals. Surprisingly, while the presence of on the French territory has been proven, no -positive methicillin-resistant  (MRSA) isolate has been reported yet from hedgehogs.

How Does African Swine Fever Virus Evade the cGAS-STING Pathway?

African swine fever (ASF), a highly infectious and devastating disease affecting both domestic pigs and wild boars, is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASF has resulted in rapid global spread of the disease, leading to significant economic losses within the swine industry. A significant obstacle to the creation of safe and effective ASF vaccines is the existing knowledge gap regarding the pathogenesis of ASFV and its mechanisms of immune evasion.

Impact of swine influenza A virus on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in alveolar macrophages.

Porcine respiratory disease complex represents a major challenge for the swine industry, with swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) being major contributors. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the co-circulation of these viruses in pig herds, making swIAV-PRRSV co-infections expected. A couple of co-infection studies have reported replication interferences between these two viruses.

[Viral co-infections targeting the porcine respiratory system: Consequences and limits of the experimental systems].

Coinfections affecting the porcine respiratory system have often been overlooked, in favor of mono-infections, even though they are significantly more common in the field. In pigs, the term 'porcine respiratory complex' is used to describe coinfections involving both viruses, such as, for example, the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV), the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), as well as bacteria. Until recently, most studies were primarily focused on clinical aspects and paid little attention to the molecular consequences of coinfections.

Systematic analysis of the codon usage patterns of African swine fever virus genome coding sequences reveals its host adaptation phenotype.

African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), transmitted by ticks, resulting in high mortality among domestic pigs and wild boars. The global spread of ASFV poses significant economic threats to the swine industry. This study employs diverse analytical methods to explore ASFV's evolution and host adaptation, focusing on codon usage patterns and associated factors.

Rapid Visual Detection of African Swine Fever Virus with a CRISPR/Cas12a Lateral Flow Strip Based on Structural Protein Gene D117L.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that is highly infectious and seriously affects domestic pigs and wild boars. African swine fever (ASF) has caused huge economic losses to endemic countries and regions. At present, there is still a lack of effective vaccines and therapeutics.

How Does cGAS Avoid Sensing Self-DNA under Normal Physiological Conditions?

cGAS is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates innate immune responses by producing the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STING. cGAS senses dsDNA in a length-dependent but sequence-independent manner, meaning it cannot discriminate self-DNA from foreign DNA. In normal physiological conditions, cellular DNA is sequestered in the nucleus by a nuclear envelope and in mitochondria by a mitochondrial membrane.

Porcine IKKε is involved in the STING-induced type I IFN antiviral response of the cytosolic DNA signaling pathway.

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (cGAS-STING) pathway serves as a crucial component of innate immune defense and exerts immense antiviral activity by inducing the expression of type I IFNs. Currently, STING-activated production of type I IFNs has been thought to be mediated only by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Here, we identified that porcine IKKε (pIKKε) is also directly involved in STING-induced type I IFN expression and antiviral response by using IKKε porcine macrophages.

Multiple Porcine Innate Immune Signaling Pathways Are Involved in the Anti-PEDV Response.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused great damage to the global pig industry. Innate immunity plays a significant role in resisting viral infection; however, the exact role of innate immunity in the anti-PEDV response has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we observed that various porcine innate immune signaling adaptors are involved in anti-PEDV (AJ1102-like strain) activity in transfected Vero cells.

The Chicken cGAS-STING Pathway Exerts Interferon-Independent Antiviral Function via Cell Apoptosis.

It has been recently recognized that the DNA sensing innate immune cGAS-STING pathway exerts an IFN-independent antiviral function; however, whether and how chicken STING (chSTING) exerts such an IFN-independent antiviral activity is still unknown. Here, we showed that chSTING exerts an antiviral activity in HEK293 cells and chicken cells, independent of IFN production. chSTING was able to trigger cell apoptosis and autophagy independently of IFN, and the apoptosis inhibitors, rather than autophagy inhibitors, could antagonize the antiviral function of chSTING, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in IFN-independent antiviral function.

Physical Treatments to Control Hazards in Food.

produces Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), causing a rare but potentially deadly type of food poisoning called foodborne botulism. This review aims to provide information on the bacterium, spores, toxins, and botulisms, and describe the use of physical treatments (e.g.

Manganese Mediates Its Antiviral Functions in a cGAS-STING Pathway Independent Manner.

The innate immune system is the first line of host defense sensing viral infection. Manganese (Mn) has recently been found to be involved in the activation of the innate immune DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway and subsequent anti-DNA virus function. However, it is still unclear whether Mn mediates host defense against RNA viruses.

type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update.

is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these "toxinotypes," the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle.

Human and animal botulism surveillance in France from 2008 to 2019.

Botulism is a human and animal neurological disease caused by the action of bacterial neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) produced by bacteria from the genus . This disease induces flaccid paralysis that can result in respiratory paralysis and heart failure. Due to its serious potential impact on public health, botulism is a closely monitored notifiable disease in France through a case-based passive surveillance system.