Using artificial intelligence to model expert panel diagnosis of cholecystitis severity.

Background: Determining cholecystitis severity via the clinically validated Parkland Grading Scale (PGS) is useful for predicting case difficulty and likelihood of postoperative complications. A panel assessment by multiple surgeons can reduce variation in PGS due to subjectivity, but is time-consuming. An artificial intelligence (AI) model trained on the assessments of an expert clinician panel may improve efficiency and reduce variability in diagnosis in image-based assessments.

Analyzing Surgical Technique in Diverse Open Surgical Videos With Multitask Machine Learning.

Objective: To overcome limitations of open surgery artificial intelligence (AI) models by curating the largest collection of annotated videos and to leverage this AI-ready data set to develop a generalizable multitask AI model capable of real-time understanding of clinically significant surgical behaviors in prospectively collected real-world surgical videos.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The study team programmatically queried open surgery procedures on YouTube and manually annotated selected videos to create the AI-ready data set used to train a multitask AI model for 2 proof-of-concept studies, one generating surgical signatures that define the patterns of a given procedure and the other identifying kinematics of hand motion that correlate with surgeon skill level and experience. The Annotated Videos of Open Surgery (AVOS) data set includes 1997 videos from 23 open-surgical procedure types uploaded to YouTube from 50 countries over the last 15 years.

Controlling the Strong Metal-Support Interaction Overlayer Structure in Pt/TiO Catalysts Prevents Particle Evaporation.

Platinum nanoparticles (NPs) supported by titania exhibit a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) that can induce overlayer formation and encapsulation of the NP's with a thin layer of support material. This encapsulation modifies the catalyst's properties, such as increasing its chemoselectivity and stabilizing it against sintering. Encapsulation is typically induced during high-temperature reductive activation and can be reversed through oxidative treatments.

Using AI and computer vision to analyze technical proficiency in robotic surgery.

Background: Intraoperative skills assessment is time-consuming and subjective; an efficient and objective computer vision-based approach for feedback is desired. In this work, we aim to design and validate an interpretable automated method to evaluate technical proficiency using colorectal robotic surgery videos with artificial intelligence.

Methods: 92 curated clips of peritoneal closure were characterized by both board-certified surgeons and a computer vision AI algorithm to compare the measures of surgical skill.

Templated encapsulation of platinum-based catalysts promotes high-temperature stability to 1,100 °C.

Stable catalysts are essential to address energy and environmental challenges, especially for applications in harsh environments (for example, high temperature, oxidizing atmosphere and steam). In such conditions, supported metal catalysts deactivate due to sintering-a process where initially small nanoparticles grow into larger ones with reduced active surface area-but strategies to stabilize them can lead to decreased performance. Here we report stable catalysts prepared through the encapsulation of platinum nanoparticles inside an alumina framework, which was formed by depositing an alumina precursor within a separately prepared porous organic framework impregnated with platinum nanoparticles.

Recycling of Solvent Allows for Multiple Rounds of Reproducible Nanoparticle Synthesis.

Metal nanoparticles have superior properties for a variety of applications. In many cases, the improved performance of metal nanoparticles is tightly correlated with their size and atomic composition. To date, colloidal synthesis is the most commonly used technique to produce metal nanoparticles.

Steering CO hydrogenation toward C-C coupling to hydrocarbons using porous organic polymer/metal interfaces.

The conversion of CO into fuels and chemicals is an attractive option for mitigating CO emissions. Controlling the selectivity of this process is beneficial to produce desirable liquid fuels, but C-C coupling is a limiting step in the reaction that requires high pressures. Here, we propose a strategy to favor C-C coupling on a supported Ru/TiO catalyst by encapsulating it within the polymer layers of an imine-based porous organic polymer that controls its selectivity.

Colloidal Platinum-Copper Nanocrystal Alloy Catalysts Surpass Platinum in Low-Temperature Propene Combustion.

Low-temperature removal of noxious environmental emissions plays a critical role in minimizing the harmful effects of hydrocarbon fuels. Emission-control catalysts typically consist of large quantities of rare, noble metals (e.g.

A General Approach for Monolayer Adsorption of High Weight Loadings of Uniform Nanocrystals on Oxide Supports.

Monodispersed metal and semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted great attention in fundamental and applied research due to their tunable size, morphology, and well-defined chemical composition. Utilizing these nanocrystals in a controllable way is highly desirable especially when using them as building blocks for the preparation of nanostructured materials. Their deposition onto oxide materials provide them with wide applicability in many areas, including catalysis.

Size-controlled nanocrystals reveal spatial dependence and severity of nanoparticle coalescence and Ostwald ripening in sintering phenomena.

A major aim in the synthesis of nanomaterials is the development of stable materials for high-temperature applications. Although the thermal coarsening of small and active nanocrystals into less active aggregates is universal in material deactivation, the atomic mechanisms governing nanocrystal growth remain elusive. By utilizing colloidally synthesized Pd/SiO2 powder nanocomposites with controlled nanocrystal sizes and spatial arrangements, we unravel the competing contributions of particle coalescence and atomic ripening processes in nanocrystal growth.

Design of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications.

Controlling selectivity between competing reaction pathways is crucial in catalysis. Several approaches have been proposed to achieve this goal in traditional heterogeneous catalysts including tuning nanoparticle size, varying alloy composition, and controlling supporting material. A less explored and promising research area to control reaction selectivity is via the use of hybrid organic/inorganic catalysts.

Nanoscale Spatial Distribution of Supported Nanoparticles Controls Activity and Stability in Powder Catalysts for CO Oxidation and Photocatalytic H Evolution.

Supported metal nanoparticles are essential components of high-performing catalysts, and their structures are intensely researched. In comparison, nanoparticle spatial distribution in powder catalysts is conventionally not quantified, and the influence of this collective property on catalyst performance remains poorly investigated. Here, we demonstrate a general colloidal self-assembly method to control uniformity of nanoparticle spatial distribution on common industrial powder supports.

Revealing the structure of a catalytic combustion active-site ensemble combining uniform nanocrystal catalysts and theory insights.

Supported metal catalysts are extensively used in industrial and environmental applications. To improve their performance, it is crucial to identify the most active sites. This identification is, however, made challenging by the presence of a large number of potential surface structures that complicate such an assignment.

Engineering of Ruthenium-Iron Oxide Colloidal Heterostructures: Improved Yields in CO Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbons.

Catalytic CO reduction to fuels and chemicals is a major pursuit in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One approach utilizes the reverse water-gas shift reaction, followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and iron is a well-known candidate for this process. Some attempts have been made to modify and improve its reactivity, but resulted in limited success.

Supported Catalyst Deactivation by Decomposition into Single Atoms Is Suppressed by Increasing Metal Loading.

In the high-temperature environments needed to perform catalytic processes, supported precious metal catalysts severely lose their activity over time. Even brief exposure to high temperatures can lead to significant losses in activity, which forces manufacturers to use large amounts of noble metals to ensure effective catalyst function for a required lifetime. Generally, loss of catalytic activity is attributed to nanoparticle sintering, or processes by which larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones.

Low-Temperature Restructuring of CeO-Supported Ru Nanoparticles Determines Selectivity in CO Catalytic Reduction.

CO reduction to higher value products is a promising way to produce fuels and key chemical building blocks while reducing CO emissions. The reaction at atmospheric pressure mainly yields CH via methanation and CO via the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction. Describing catalyst features that control the selectivity of these two pathways is important to determine the formation of specific products.

Systematic Identification of Promoters for Methane Oxidation Catalysts Using Size- and Composition-Controlled Pd-Based Bimetallic Nanocrystals.

Promoters enhance the performance of catalytic active phases by increasing rates, stability, and/or selectivity. The process of identifying promoters is in most cases empirical and relies on testing a broad range of catalysts prepared with the random deposition of active and promoter phases, typically with no fine control over their localization. This issue is particularly relevant in supported bimetallic systems, where two metals are codeposited onto high-surface area materials.

Synthesis of diverse β-quaternary ketones via palladium-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enones.

The development and optimization of a palladium-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic enone conjugate acceptors is described. These reactions employ air-stable and readily-available reagents in an operationally simple and robust transformation that yields β-quaternary ketones in high yields and enantioselectivities. Notably, the reaction itself is highly tolerant of atmospheric oxygen and moisture and therefore does not require the use of dry or deoxygenated solvents, specially purified reagents, or an inert atmosphere.