Status and implications of the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards AWaRe antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship among low- and middle-income countries.

Background: There are concerns globally with rising rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). AMR is driven by high rates of inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics, particularly Watch antibiotics. To develop future interventions, it is important to document current knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among key stakeholder groups in LMICs.

Current access, availability and use of antibiotics in primary care among key low- and middle-income countries and the policy implications.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), exacerbated by inappropriate antibiotic use, access to quality antibiotics and weak antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). There is a need to review current evidence on antibiotic use, access, and AMR, in primary care across key countries.

Areas Covered: This narrative review analyzes publications from 2018 to 2024 regarding access, availability, and use of appropriate antibiotics.

Daptomycin for Pediatric Complex Bone and Joint Infections: Real-world Efficacy and Safety Data from a Three-year Study.

Bone and joint infections present a significant therapeutic challenge in children, particularly in complex or chronic cases. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative pathogen, with methicillin resistance rates varying by geographic location and hospital setting, underscoring the need for antibiotics effective against both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic effective against gram-positive pathogens, is increasingly used off-label in pediatric osteomyelitis.

Identifying AWaRe indicators for appropriate antibiotic use: a narrative review.

Introduction: Quality indicators (QIs) are widely used tools for antibiotic stewardship programmes. The Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) system has been developed by the WHO to classify antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity and potential selection of antibiotic resistance. This review aimed to identify existing indicators for optimal antibiotic use to inform the development of future AWaRe QIs.

Use of Remdesivir in children with COVID-19: report of an Italian multicenter study.

Background: COVID-19 is generally milder in children than in adults, however severe infection has been described in some patients. Few data are available on use of Remdesivir (RDV) in children, as most clinical trials focused on adult patients. We report a multicenter study conducted in 10 Italian Hospitals to investigate the safety of RDV in children affected by COVID-19.

Expressions of Type I and III Interferons, Endogenous Retroviruses, TRIM28, and SETDB1 in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis.

Interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) play essential roles for the control of viral infections. Their expression in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is poorly defined. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent 8% of our genome and modulate inflammatory and immune reactions.

Long COVID-19/post-COVID condition in children: do we all speak the same language?

Post-COVID condition is a new and highly debated entity that is still to be outlined in its complexity, especially in the pediatric population. In response to the article by Trapani and colleagues, we report the results of a long-term follow-up conducted in the outpatient clinic of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit on children admitted to our hospital with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Increase in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and serological evidence of recent SARS-CoV-2 infection: Is there a connection?

Several studies have investigated the correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children, reporting an increased incidence of T1D and severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This study aimed to investigate the infection by SARS-CoV-2 in children with newly-diagnosed T1D to explore a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, T1D and DKA. Thirty-nine children with a T1D new onset between October 15, 2020, and April 15, 2021, were enrolled.