A review of nanoparticles in bioinks.

A nanoparticle is commonly referred as a particle with a diameter between one to one hundred nanometers (nm). Nanoparticles are classified into 3 main groups based on their composition which are organic (polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes), inorganic (metal-based, metal oxide-based, ceramic-based, quantum dots (QDs)), and carbon-based nanoparticles (graphene/graphene oxide, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes). There have been numerous studies that used nanoparticles in bioinks to prepare tissues and organs for instance cartilage, bone, osteochondral, vascular, skin, muscle, nerve, liver and tendon.

Electrochemical biosensing of Acinetobacter baumannii gene using chitosan-gold composite modified electrode.

In this study, a novel electrochemical biosensor was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of the Acinetobacter baumannii gene sequence. The biosensor was created by immobilizing a capture probe specific to the A. baumannii gene on the surface of chitosan-gold modified pencil graphite electrodes.

Recent Progress on Optical Biosensors Developed for Nucleic Acid Detection Related to Infectious Viral Diseases.

Optical biosensors have many advantages over traditional analytical methods. They enable the identification of several biological and chemical compounds directly, instantly, and without the need of labels. Their benefits include excellent specificity, sensitivity, compact size, and low cost.

Zip Nucleic Acid-Based Genomagnetic Assay for Electrochemical Detection of microRNA-34a.

Zip nucleic acid (ZNA)-based genomagnetic assay was developed herein for the electrochemical detection of microRNA-34a (miR-34a), which is related to neurological disorders and cancer. The hybridization between the ZNA probe and miR-34a target was performed in the solution phase; then, the resultant hybrids were immobilized onto the surface of magnetic beads (MBs). After magnetic separation, the hybrids were separated from the surface of MBs and then immobilized on the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs).

Low-Cost High-Resolution Potentiostat for Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids and Biomolecular Interactions.

A handheld USB-powered instrument developed for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acids and biomolecular interactions is presented. The proposed instrument is capable of scanning ± 2.25 V while measuring currents up to ±10 mA, with a minimum current resolution of 6.

Aptasensor for Impedimetric Detection of Lysozyme.

The impedimetric detection of a protein, lysozyme (LYS), was carried out herein by aptamer-immobilized single-use pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs). The aptamer was immobilized onto electrochemically activated surface of electrode without using any chemical agents, or any types of nanomaterials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were applied to analyze the electrochemical behavior of unmodified PGE and aptamer immobilized PGE.

An electrochemical assay for sensitive detection of Acinetobacter baumannii gene.

A new genosensor, which allows sensitive and selective detection of Acinetobacter baumannii gene sequence was developed herein. In this assay, capture probe of Acinetobacter baumannii was immobilized on the surface of chitosan modified single-use pencil graphite electrodes (c-PGEs) to obtain Acinetobacter baumannii genosensor. Then, Acinetobacter baumannii target DNA sequence was recognized after solid-state hybridization on c-PGE genosensor by measuring guanine signal via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).

Graphene-Oxide and Ionic Liquid Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing of Breast Cancer 1 Gene.

Graphene-oxide and ionic liquid composite-modified pencil graphite electrodes (GO-IL-PGEs) were developed and used as a sensing platform for breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene detection. The characterization of GO-IL modified electrodes was executed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The nucleic-acid hybridization was monitored by a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique by directly measuring the guanine oxidation signal without using any indicator.

Impedimetric detection of miRNA biomarkers using paper-based electrodes modified with bulk crystals or nanosheets of molybdenum disulfide.

Paper-based electrodes modified with molybdenum disulfide (MoS) in the form of bulk crystals or exfoliated nanosheets were developed and used as a biosensing platform for the impedimetric detection of miRNAs (miRNA-155 and miRNA-21) related to early diagnosis of lung cancer. For this purpose, MoS crystals or nanosheets were used for the modification of the working electrode area of paper-based platform for the first time in this study. The proposed assay offers sensitive and selective detection of microRNAs by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique.

Detection of Senecionine in Dietary Sources by Single-Use Electrochemical Sensor.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are produced by plants as secondary compounds that are the most widely distributed natural toxins. There have been many cases of human toxicity caused by consumption of toxic plant species, as herbal teas and grain or grain products contaminated with PA-containing seeds have been reported. Companies that produce dried spices and tea leaves should examine the PA level in their products.

Electrochemical Investigation of Curcumin-DNA Interaction by Using Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles-Ionic Liquids Based Composite Electrodes.

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HaP) and ionic liquid (IL) modified pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) are newly developed in this assay. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were applied to examine the microscopic and electrochemical characterization of HaP and IL-modified biosensors. The interaction of curcumin with nucleic acids and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) samples was investigated by measuring the changes at the oxidation signals of both curcumin and guanine by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique.

Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Voltammetric Detection of miRNA Biomarkers Using Reduced Graphene Oxide or MoS Nanosheets Decorated with Gold Nanoparticle Electrodes.

Paper-based biosensors are considered simple and cost-efficient sensing platforms for analytical tests and diagnostics. Here, a paper-based electrochemical biosensor was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of microRNAs (miRNA-155 and miRNA-21) related to early diagnosis of lung cancer. Hydrophobic barriers to creating electrode areas were manufactured by wax printing, whereas a three-electrode system was fabricated by a simple stencil approach.

Paper-based electrode assemble for impedimetric detection of miRNA.

In the present work, a paper-based electrode assemble was developed and implemented to detect target microRNA 155 (miRNA 155) via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. In this concept, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified paper based electrode assemble system (AuNP-PE) was designed, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and EIS measurements. The impedimetric detection of miRNA 155 was performed by measuring the fractional change at the charge transfer resistance (R).

Impedimetric Sensing of Factor V Leiden Mutation by Zip Nucleic Acid Probe and Electrochemical Array.

A carbon nanofiber enriched 8-channel screen-printed electrochemical array was used for the impedimetric detection of SNP related to Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) mutation, which is the most common inherited form of thrombophilia. FV Leiden mutation sensing was carried out in three steps: solution-phase nucleic acid hybridization between zip nucleic acid probe (Z-probe) and mutant type DNA target, followed by the immobilization of the hybrid on the working electrode area of array, and measurement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). TArzhe selectivity of the assay was tested against mutation-free DNA sequences and synthetic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) samples.

Voltammetric detection of miRNA hybridization based on electroactive indicator-cobalt phenanthroline.

The indicator-based nucleic acid detection protocol is one of the major approaches to monitor the sequence-selective nucleic acid hybridization-mediated recognition events in biochemical analysis. The metal complex, cobalt phenanthroline, [Co(phen)], which is one of the electroactive indicators, interacts more with double stranded nucleic acids via intercalation. Thus, this interaction permits an increase at the electrochemical signal of [Co(phen)].

Electrochemical Detection of Solution Phase Hybridization Related to Single Nucleotide Mutation by Carbon Nanofibers Enriched Electrodes.

In the present study, a sensitive and selective impedimetric detection of solution-phase nucleic acid hybridization related to Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) mutation was performed by carbon nanofibers (CNF) modified screen printed electrodes (SPE). The microscopic and electrochemical characterization of CNF-SPEs was explored in comparison to the unmodified electrodes. Since the FV Leiden mutation is a widespread inherited risk factor predisposing to venous thromboembolism, this study herein aimed to perform the impedimetric detection of FV Leiden mutation by a zip nucleic acid (ZNA) probe-based assay in combination with CNF-SPEs.

ZNA probe immobilized single-use electrodes for impedimetric detection of nucleic acid hybridization related to single nucleotide mutation.

The development of a low-cost and disposable biosensing technologies has received a great interest of healthcare for the sensitive and reliable detection of single nucleotide mutation related to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the present study, an impedimetric biosensing platform based on zip nucleic acids (ZNA) was developed for the sensitive detection of Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) mutation. After optimization of experimental parameters, the sequence selective hybridization between ZNA probe and target related to FV Leiden mutation was evaluated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS) by measuring changes at the charge transfer resistance, R Sensitive and selective impedimetric analysis was performed using carbon nanofiber (CNF) modified screen printed electrodes (SPE) and multi-channel screen printed array of electrodes (MULTIx8 CNF-SPE) resulting in a relatively shorter time in comparison to conventional methods.

Magnetic beads assay based on Zip nucleic acid for electrochemical detection of Factor V Leiden mutation.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Development of reliable methods for the detection of SNP is crucial in aspects of molecular diagnosis and personalized medicine. In our study, a genomagnetic assay in combination with zip nucleic acid (ZNA) for electrochemical detection of SNP related to Factor V Leiden mutation.

Investigation of Vipera Anatolica Venom Disintegrin via Intracellular Uptake with Radiolabeling Study and Cell-Based Electrochemical Biosensing Assay.

Snake venoms are a natural biological source that has potential therapeutic value with various protein compounds. Disintegrins originally were discovered as a family of proteins from snake venoms composed of cysteine rich low molecular weight polypeptides. Disintegrins exhibit specific binding and higher affinity toward integrin with potential inhibition of function.

An Impedimetric Biosensor Based on Ionic Liquid-Modified Graphite Electrodes Developed for microRNA-34a Detection.

In the present work, an impedimetric nucleic acid biosensor has been designed for the purpose of detection of microRNA (miRNA). Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL))-modified chemically activated pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) were used for the sensitive and selective detection of miRNA-34a. After covalent activation of the PGE surface using covalent agents (CAs), the ionic liquid (IL) was immobilized onto the surface of the chemically activated PGE by passive adsorption.

Electrochemical detection of interaction between capsaicin and nucleic acids in comparison to agarose gel electrophoresis.

In this study, the biomolecular interaction occurred between nucleic acids and Capsaicin (CPS), the active compound in chilli peppers, which has been reported to have anti-carcinogenic properties, was investigated for the first time herein using disposable electrochemical biosensor. It is aimed to perform the surface-confined interaction between CPS and different types of nucleic acids and under this aim, the experimental conditions were optimized; such as, the concentration of CPS and DNA, DNA immobilization time and interaction time etc. The detection limit of DNA was estimated based on guanine oxidation signal in the linear concentration range of DNA from 1 to 5 μg/mL, and it was found to be 0.

Graphene oxide modified single-use electrodes and their application for voltammetric miRNA analysis.

The modification of graphene oxide (GO) onto the surfaces of chemically activated pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) was performed herein, and then these electrodes were applied for the first time on voltammetric monitoring of miRNAs. The specific recognition of miRNA-34a, which has been related to Alzheimer disease, was explored in the presence of DNA-RNA hybridization by using CA/GO/PGEs in combination with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. The characterization of CA/GO/PGE was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Electrochemical monitoring of biointeraction by graphene-based material modified pencil graphite electrode.

Recently, the low-cost effective biosensing systems based on advanced nanomaterials have received a key attention for development of novel assays for rapid and sequence-specific nucleic acid detection. The electrochemical biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified disposable pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) were developed herein for electrochemical monitoring of DNA, and also for monitoring of biointeraction occurred between anticancer drug, Daunorubicin (DNR), and DNA. First, rGO was synthesized chemically and characterized by using UV-Vis, TGA, FT-IR, Raman Spectroscopy and SEM techniques.

Development of amino functionalized carbon coated magnetic nanoparticles and their application to electrochemical detection of hybridization of nucleic acids.

In our study, the development of amino functionalized carbon coated magnetic nanoparticles (NH-CC-MNPs) and their usage for electrochemical detection of hybridization of nucleic acids have been aimed. Firstly, NH-CC-MNPs were prepared by coating of pristine FeO nanoparticles with two layers via caramelization and silanization processes respectively. After the morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was seen that NH-CC-MNPs was spherical shaped and in 28nm sized.