Dead-time effect on SPAD detection efficiency.

Single-photon detectors that operate in the Geiger-mode provide a large potential for low-light detection. However, the detection rate is affected and limited by the inherent dead-time of the detector. This work compares simulation with experimental results to demonstrate the dependence of the effective efficiency of the single-photon avalanche-diode detector on the length of the dead-time.

Age and Sex Differences in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury Subscale Scores of Emotion, Risk Appraisal, and Confidence After ACL Reconstruction.

Background: The Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale is widely used after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), but its 3 subscale domains of emotion, risk appraisal, and confidence are rarely considered when assessing readiness to return to sport (RTS). Current guidelines for ACL-RSI scores at time of RTS are derived from adult-only studies, and there is a need for age- and sex-specific data to guide RTS decision-making.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in ACL-RSI subscale scores by age and sex.

A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain.

We present a correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) dataset from a 7-day-old larval zebrafish, integrating confocal imaging of genetically labeled excitatory () and inhibitory () neurons with nanometer-resolution serial section EM. The dataset spans the brain and anterior spinal cord, capturing >180,000 segmented soma, >40,000 molecularly annotated neurons, and 30 million synapses, most of which were classified as excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory. To characterize the directional flow of activity across the brain, we leverage the synaptic and cell body annotations to compute region-wise input and output drive indices at single cell resolution.

Carbene formation as a mechanism for efficient intracellular uptake of cationic antimicrobial carbon acid polymers.

Cationic polymers have emerged as promising next-generation antimicrobial agents, albeit with inherent limitations such as low potency and limited biocompatibility. Classical cationic polymers kill bacteria via physical membrane disruption. We propose a non-classical mechanism of crossing the bacterial plasma membrane barrier, a step required for subsequent inhibition of intracellular targets, by cationic polymers which are carbon acids.

Single- and multithread rivers originate from (im)balance between lateral erosion and accretion.

Why river channels confine flow to a single pathway or divide flow into multiple interwoven pathways (threads) forms a long-standing fundamental question in river science, which to date remains poorly understood. In this study, we probed channel-pattern origins by mapping thread dynamics along 84 rivers from 36 years of global satellite imagery using particle image velocimetry. Results show that single-thread channels originate from a balance between lateral erosion and accretion, which enables a thread to migrate while maintaining equilibrium width.