Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (VdSOD1) mediates reactive oxygen species detoxification and modulates virulence in Verticillium dahliae.

The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a widespread defence mechanism in higher plants against pathogen attack and sometimes is the cause of cell death that facilitates attack by necrotrophic pathogens. Plant pathogens use superoxide dismutase (SOD) to scavenge ROS derived from their own metabolism or generated from host defence. The significance and roles of SODs in the vascular plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae are unclear.

Phylogenomic Analysis of a 55.1-kb 19-Gene Dataset Resolves a Monophyletic that Includes the Species Complex.

Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important species, including the species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus , with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of is polyphyletic.

Diversity and function of fungi associated with the fungivorous millipede, .

Fungivorous millipedes (subterclass Colobognatha) likely represent some of the earliest known mycophagous terrestrial arthropods, yet their fungal partners remain elusive. Here we describe relationships between fungi and the fungivorous millipede, . Their fungal community is surprisingly diverse, including 176 genera, 39 orders, four phyla, and several undescribed species.

Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens.

Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but a few species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics- and metabolomics-based studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses. However, the mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive.

Proteome and metabolome analyses reveal differential responses in tomato -Verticillium dahliae-interactions.

Verticillium dahliae colonizes vascular tissue and causes vascular discoloration in susceptible hosts. Two well-defined races exist in V. dahliae populations from tomato and lettuce.

Arabidopsis defense mutant ndr1-1 displays accelerated development and early flowering mediated by the hormone gibberellic acid.

NONRACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE (NDR1) is a widely characterized gene that plays a key role in defense against multiple bacterial, fungal, oomycete and nematode plant pathogens. NDR1 is required for activation of resistance by multiple NB and LRR-containing (NLR) protein immune sensors and contributes to basal defense. The role of NDR1 in positively regulating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defense responses is well documented.

Heterologous Expression of the Cotton NBS-LRR Gene Enhances Verticillium Wilt Resistance in .

Verticillium wilt caused by results in severe losses in cotton, and is economically the most destructive disease of this crop. Improving genetic resistance is the cleanest and least expensive option to manage Verticillium wilt. Previously, we identified the island cotton NBS-LRR-encoding gene that confers resistance to the highly virulent isolate Vd991.

SNARE-Encoding Genes VdSec22 and VdSso1 Mediate Protein Secretion Required for Full Virulence in Verticillium dahliae.

Proteins that mediate cellular and subcellular membrane fusion are key factors in vesicular trafficking in all eukaryotic cells, including the secretion and transport of plant pathogen virulence factors. In this study, we identified vesicle-fusion components that included 22 soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), four Sec1/Munc18 (SM) family proteins, and 10 Rab GTPases encoded in the genome of the vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae Vd991. Targeted deletion of two SNARE-encoding genes in V.

Comparative genomics reveals cotton-specific virulence factors in flexible genomic regions in Verticillium dahliae and evidence of horizontal gene transfer from Fusarium.

Verticillium dahliae isolates are most virulent on the host from which they were originally isolated. Mechanisms underlying these dominant host adaptations are currently unknown. We sequenced the genome of V.

A Verticillium dahliae Extracellular Cutinase Modulates Plant Immune Responses.

Cutinases have been implicated as important enzymes during the process of fungal infection of aerial plant organs. The function of cutinases in the disease cycle of fungal pathogens that invade plants through the roots has been less studied. Here, functional analysis of 13 cutinase (carbohydrate esterase family 5 domain-containing) genes (VdCUTs) in the highly virulent vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae Vd991 was performed.

The island cotton NBS-LRR gene GbaNA1 confers resistance to the non-race 1 Verticillium dahliae isolate Vd991.

Wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae significantly reduces cotton yields, as host resistance in commercially cultivated Gossypium species is lacking. Understanding the molecular basis of disease resistance in non-commercial Gossypium species could galvanize the development of Verticillium wilt resistance in cultivated species. Nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins play a central role in plant defence against pathogens.

Short-Term Host Selection Pressure Has Little Effect on the Evolution of a Monoclonal Population of Verticillium dahliae Race 1.

Understanding pathogen evolution over time is vital for plant breeding and deployment of host resistance. In the context of a soilborne pathogen, the potential of host-directed evolution of a Verticillium dahliae race 1 isolate and genotypic variation of V. dahliae associated with two major hosts (lettuce and tomato) were determined.

Verticillium dahliae transcription factor VdFTF1 regulates the expression of multiple secreted virulence factors and is required for full virulence in cotton.

Fungal transcription factors (TFs) implicated in the regulation of virulence gene expression have been identified in a number of plant pathogens. In Verticillium dahliae, despite its agricultural importance, few regulators of transcription have been characterized. In this study, a T-DNA insertion mutant with significantly reduced virulence towards cotton was identified.

Verticillium dahliae manipulates plant immunity by glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins in conjunction with carbohydrate-binding module 1.

Glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) proteins act as virulence factors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in oomycetes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of fungal GH12 proteins have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that two of the six GH12 proteins produced by the fungus Verticillium dahliae Vd991, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs to trigger cell death and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) independent of their enzymatic activity in Nicotiana benthamiana.

PCR Multiplexes Discriminate Fusarium Symbionts of Invasive Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetles that Inflict Damage on Numerous Tree Species Throughout the United States.

Asian Euwallacea ambrosia beetles vector Fusarium mutualists. The ambrosial fusaria are all members of the ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC) within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Several Euwallacea-Fusarium mutualists have been introduced into nonnative regions and have caused varying degrees of damage to orchard, landscape, and forest trees.

Epitypification of Fusisporium (Fusarium) solani and its assignment to a common phylogenetic species in the Fusarium solani species complex.

Fusisporium solani was described as the causal agent of a dry rot of potato in Germany in the mid 19th century. As Fusarium solani, the species became known as a plurivorous plant pathogen, endophyte, decomposer, and opportunistic pathogen of humans and nutritional symbiont of insects. In parallel, it became evident that the morphologically defined species F.

Nondefoliating and Defoliating Strains from Cotton Correlate with Races 1 and 2 of Verticillium dahliae.

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is an important disease of cotton worldwide. Isolates of V. dahliae can be characterized as race 1 or race 2 based on the responses of differential cultivars of tomato and lettuce, or as defoliating or nondefoliating based on symptom expression in cotton.

Screening of Wild and Cultivated Capsicum Germplasm Reveals New Sources of Verticillium Wilt Resistance.

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is an important soilborne disease of pepper (Capsicum species) worldwide. Most commercial pepper cultivars lack resistance to this pathogen. Our objective was to identify resistance to two V.

New Fungus-Insect Symbiosis: Culturing, Molecular, and Histological Methods Determine Saprophytic Polyporales Mutualists of Ambrosiodmus Ambrosia Beetles.

Ambrosia symbiosis is an obligate, farming-like mutualism between wood-boring beetles and fungi. It evolved at least 11 times and includes many notorious invasive pests. All ambrosia beetles studied to date cultivate ascomycotan fungi: early colonizers of recently killed trees with poor wood digestion.

Host Range of Verticillium isaacii and Verticillium klebahnii from Artichoke, Spinach, and Lettuce.

Verticillium is a genus that includes major vascular wilt pathogens. Recently, multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the genus identified five new species, including Verticillium isaacii and V. klebahnii, both of which occur in agricultural soils in coastal California and have been isolated from asymptomatic and diseased spinach and lettuce plants.

Multilocus PCR Assays Elucidate Vegetative Incompatibility Gene Profiles of Cryphonectria parasitica in the United States.

Chestnut blight is a devastating disease of Castanea spp. Mycoviruses that reduce virulence (hypovirulence) of the causative agent, Cryphonectria parasitica, can be used to manage chestnut blight. However, vegetative incompatibility (vic) barriers that restrict anastomosis-mediated virus transmission hamper hypovirulence efficacy.