Health Care and Access to Quality Social-Health Services of the Roma and Sinti: A Scoping Review.

Background: The aim of this scoping review is to analyze the health status of Roma and Sinti in Europe, highlighting the issues faced by children and women. In addition, we want to examine the access of these groups to health care services and to identify possible interventions to increase their use.

Methods: Our research was conducted on Pubmed, Google Scholar, and the Trip Database.

Retrospective Study on Resistance Profile and Antibiotic Use in a Pediatric Population.

The growing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance and the presence of limited data concerning the pediatric area prompted us to focus on infection in this study, its antibiotic resistance profile, and the therapeutic management of affected children. We conducted a retrospective study by collecting clinical data on infants and children with antibiogram-associated infection. We enrolled 1210 patients with a mean age of 0.

Role of Valganciclovir in Children with Congenital CMV Infection: A Review of the Literature.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common agent of congenital infection in humans. It is a main cause of neurodevelopmental delay and sensorineural hearing loss in infancy. Since the 2000s, a number of studies have used Valganciclovir as a therapy for children with congenital CMV infection.

Commercially available CD4 + and CD8 + IFN-γ release assays combined with an HBHA-induced IGRA improve the characterization of the tuberculosis spectrum and monitoring of treatment in children.

Commercially available Interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs), including the last-generation QuantiFERON TB-Plus (QFT-Plus), are effective in aiding the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection but cannot distinguish latent TB subjects from active TB patients. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the performance of an HBHA-based IGRA, combined with commercially available IGRAs, to assess their usefulness as a prognostic biomarkers and aid in the monitoring of TB treatment in children. Following clinical, microbiological, and radiological assessment, children younger than 18 years of age classified as either LTBI or active TB were tested at baseline and during treatment by the QuantiFERON TB-Plus (QFT) assay and an aliquot of whole-blood was stimulated with HBHA.

Escherichia coli resistance patterns, empiric and targeted antibiotic prescriptions in children: a single center experience.

Background And Aim: Antibiotic resistance represents one of the major public health issues, due to the potential future ineffectiveness of available antibiotics. However, epidemiological studies on E. coli antibiotic resistance patterns in the pediatric population are limited.

Comparison of the Clinical and Laboratory Features of COVID and Influenza in Children.

Background And Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has a clinical presentation ranging from an asymptomatic course to flu-like syndrome up to respiratory failure. Seasonal Influenza, due to the influenza viruses and very common in children, can cause symptoms similar to COVID-19. In order to identify clinical and laboratory characteristics that allow healthcare workers to differentiate COVID-19 from Influenza, we performed a systematic review of the existing literature on the pediatric age.

Infection in Children: A 5-Year Multicenter Retrospective Study.

While there are numerous studies regarding infection (CDI) in adults, literature on the pediatric population is scarce. Therefore, we performed a 5-year retrospective study between January 2014 and December 2018 in two referral centers in Rome, Italy. There were 359 patients tested for CDI who were enrolled: 87 resulted in positive and 272 in negative.

Clinical characteristics, activity levels and mental health problems in children with long coronavirus disease: a survey of 510 children.

Whether long coronavirus disease pertains to children as well is not yet clear. The authors performed a survey in children suffering from persistent symptoms since initial infection. A total of 510 children infected between January 2020 and January 2021 were included.

Vitamin D and tuberculosis in children: a role in the prevention or treatment of the disease?

Despite the growing number of published studies, the role of vitamin D in the prevention or treatment of tuberculosis remains unclear. In this review we analyze current scientific literature to provide evidence about the relationship between vitamin D and TB, with a special focus on the pediatric population. While in vitro studies have shown relevant antimycobacterial immune-stimulatory and immunosuppressive effects of vitamin D, this has not panned out in vivo with active TB.

Spyramicine and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination to Prevent Mother-To-Fetus Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: A 28-Years Single-center Experience.

Background: There is weak evidence on the best treatment of pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii infection to prevent the vertical transmission to the fetus.

Methods: We conducted a 28-year retrospective study aiming to compare the efficacy of three therapeutic regimens [Spiramicyn alone (Spy) vs. Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine (P/S) vs.

Short- and mid-term multidisciplinary outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero or during the perinatal period: preliminary findings.

Unlabelled: The long-term outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in utero or during the first hours of life are still unknown. We performed a single-center, prospective, observational study of newborns born from mothers with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy or at time of delivery. Infants were offered a multidisciplinary follow-up consisting of nasopharyngeal Polymerase Chain Reaction test at birth and at 48-72 h of life, auxological growth and neurological development, serologic testing, and audiological and ophthalmological assessments.

Research data communication strategy at the time of pandemics: a retrospective analysis of the Italian experience.

Coronavirus pandemic has radically changed the scientific world. During these difficult times, standard peer-review processes could be too long for the continuously evolving knowledge about this disease. We wanted to assess whether the use of other types of network could be a faster way to disseminate the knowledge about Coronavirus disease.

Chest CT Scan for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Pulmonary TB: Radiological Findings and Its Diagnostic Significance.

Diagnosing active TB in children remains a clinical challenge, due to difficulties in achieving a definite microbiological confirmation, aspecific clinical manifestation, low sensitivity of chest radiography (CXR). For this reason, the use of chest computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate suspected TB pediatric cases is increasing. We retrospectively reviewed records of patients aged <16 years diagnosed with active TB at the Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart to describe CT findings and to evaluate the need for its execution for diagnosis.

Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Encephalitis in Children: A Ten-Years Retrospective Study.

Background: Infectious encephalitis represents a rare but potentially severe clinical condition. However, limited international data are available in pediatric age.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to review (a) the clinical presentation; (b) laboratory, radiology, and neurophysiology findings; (c) the correlations between these exams and outcome; and (d) the therapy performed.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in children with household exposure to adults with COVID-19: Preliminary findings.

Weather and the susceptibility of children to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is still a debated question and currently a hot topic, particularly in view of important decisions regarding opening schools. Therefore, we performed this prospective analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in children with known household exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and compared their IgG status with the other adults exposed to the index case in the same household. A total of 30 families with a documented COVID-19 index case were included.

Utility of a pediatric observation unit for the management of children admitted to the emergency department.

Background: Observation Units (OU), as part of emergency department (ED), are areas reserved for short-term treatment or observation of patients with selected diagnoses to determine the need for hospitalization or home referral.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed similarities and differences of children admitted to the pediatric ED of the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS hospital in the first 2 years of OU activity, analyzing general patient characteristics, access modalities, diagnosis, triage, laboratory and instrumental examinations, specialist visits, outcome of OU admission and average time spent in OU.

Long-Term Clinical, Audiological, Visual, Neurocognitive and Behavioral Outcome in Children With Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Treated With Valganciclovir.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection in humans. There are no enough data on long-term outcome of newborns with congenital CMV (cCMV) infection, particularly for those asymptomatic at birth. For this reason, we performed this study to evaluate long-term audiological, visual, neurocognitive, and behavioral outcome in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic cCMV infection treated with oral Valganciclovir (VGC).

Children and COVID-19: Microbiological and immunological insights.

Since its first description in China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide being declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. More than 10.3 million people have been infected and more than 506 000 people died.

Chest Computed Tomography and Lung Ultrasound Findings in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Pocket Review for Non-radiologists.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease that has quickly spread worldwide, causing a pandemic. The main clinical manifestation is pneumonia. The most important test for the diagnosis is represented by RT-PCR, but, given the limited sensitivity, further radiological examinations are necessary.

Resolution of Giant Coronary Aneurisms in a Child With Refractory Kawasaki Disease Treated With Anakinra.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, febrile illness of unknown etiology that mainly affects children under 5 years of age. intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), the standard treatment, has reduced coronary involvement to <5%. Patients who do not improve after an initial IVIG have a higher risk of developing coronary arteries aneurysms, and its optimal treatment remains controversial.