Deep learning on routine full-breast mammograms enhances lymph node metastasis prediction in early breast cancer.

With the shift toward de-escalating surgery in breast cancer, prediction models incorporating imaging can reassess the need for surgical axillary staging. This study employed advancements in deep learning to comprehensively evaluate routine mammograms for preoperative lymph node metastasis prediction. Mammograms and clinicopathological data from 1265 cN0 T1-T2 breast cancer patients (primary surgery, no neoadjuvant therapy) were retrospectively collected from three Swedish institutions.

Mechanisms to build research capacity in the rural health workplace: a realist synthesis.

Introduction: Workplace-based research training contributes to research capability and capacity in rural areas where access to university expertise is limited. Rural health complexities and the diverse approaches previously used to build research capacity have led to a lack of clarity about how to build research capacity within rural health services.

Methods: Using a critical realist foundation, we explored distributed workplace-based rural research training and synthesized five studies centered in rural New South Wales, Australia.

Increased effector memory CD4 T cells are associated with chronic childhood immune thrombocytopenia.

Background: Antibody- and T-cell immune responses against platelet self-antigens are key features of childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Reliable diagnostic and prognostic immune markers remain underdeveloped and are not currently used in clinical practice.

Objectives: To validate previously suggested biomarkers and identify novel predictors of chronic childhood ITP.

Bereaved carers' experiences of a partnership model of after-hours and extended palliative care delivery in rural Australia.

Background: Caregivers are fundamental to achieving effective home-based palliative care. Lack of access to after-hours visiting palliative care and non-clinical home support in rural areas increases caregiver burden, unplanned hospital admissions and impacts patients' ability to die at home. To support end-of-life care at home, the New South Wales Government endorsed partnership models between specialist community-based palliative services and non-government organisations to provide end of life support packages to enhance after-hours access and non-clinical support.

Exploring the Meaning of Collaboration in Rural Mental Healthcare Delivery From the Perspective of Mental Health Clinicians and Informal Carers of People Living With a Mental Health Illness-A Qualitative Study.

Mental health policies and practice guidelines emphasise the importance of collaboration with informal carers of people with mental illness, but this does not routinely occur in practice. Understanding the perspective of different parties regarding collaboration is a step towards ensuring an alignment between policy and routine clinical practice. This study explored the meaning of collaboration from the perspectives of informal carers and mental health clinicians in a rural Australian mental health service.

Summarizing Online Patient Conversations Using Generative Language Models: Experimental and Comparative Study.

Background: Social media is acknowledged by regulatory bodies (eg, the Food and Drug Administration) as an important source of patient experience data to learn about patients' unmet needs, priorities, and preferences. However, current methods rely either on manual analysis and do not scale, or on automatic processing, yielding mainly quantitative insights. Methods that can automatically summarize texts and yield qualitative insights at scale are missing.

Reducing Health Inequity for Children and Young People in Rural Australia: Are Digital Interventions a Panacea? A Rural Generalist's Commentary.

Aims: To explore the role of digital interventions in improving health equity for children and young people (CYP) in rural Australia from a rural generalist's perspective.

Context: Rural Australian CYP experience worse health outcomes than their urban peers and have insufficient access to early intervention and support. Rural paediatric outpatient waiting times as long as 6 years have been reported, with some regions having no services.

Screening performance and characteristics of breast cancer detected in the Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence trial (MASAI): a randomised, controlled, parallel-group, non-inferiority, single-blinded, screening accuracy study.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that artificial intelligence (AI) can increase cancer detection in mammography screening while reducing screen-reading workload, but further understanding of the clinical impact is needed.

Methods: In this randomised, controlled, parallel-group, non-inferiority, single-blinded, screening-accuracy study, done within the Swedish national screening programme, women recruited at four screening sites in southwest Sweden (Malmö, Lund, Landskrona, and Trelleborg) who were eligible for mammography screening were randomly allocated (1:1) to AI-supported screening or standard double reading. The AI system (Transpara version 1.

Open challenges for the automatic synthesis of clinical trials.

Objective: An important criterion for selecting clinical trials to be compared in systematic reviews and meta-analyses is that they measure the same outcomes. However, this represents a challenge as there is a wide variety of outcomes, and it is difficult to standardize them for comparing clinical trials containing them. To address this challenge, we utilized our annotated dataset, which includes 211 abstracts of clinical trials related to glaucoma and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Grammar-constrained decoding for structured information extraction with fine-tuned generative models applied to clinical trial abstracts.

Background: In the field of structured information extraction, there are typically semantic and syntactic constraints on the output of information extraction (IE) systems. These constraints, however, can typically not be guaranteed using standard (fine-tuned) encoder-decoder architectures. This has led to the development of constrained decoding approaches which allow, e.

Collaborations between health services and educational institutions to develop research capacity in health services and health service staff: a systematic scoping review.

Background: Participation of health service staff in research improves health outcomes and adherence to clinical guidelines. To increase research participation, many health services seek to build research capacity which adds to the development of individual and organisational skills and abilities in order to conduct health research. Numerous approaches to research capacity building have been trialed with inter- and intra-institutional, or university-health service collaborative approaches being frequently described strategies.

Comparing generative and extractive approaches to information extraction from abstracts describing randomized clinical trials.

Background: Systematic reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are an important part of the evidence-based medicine paradigm. However, the creation of such systematic reviews by clinical experts is costly as well as time-consuming, and results can get quickly outdated after publication. Most RCTs are structured based on the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) framework and there exist many approaches which aim to extract PICO elements automatically.

A shedding analysis after AAV8 CNS injection revealed fragmented viral DNA without evidence of functional AAV particles in mice.

Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are commonly used in the scientific field due to their diverse application range. However, AAV shedding, the release of virions from the host organism, can impact the safety of AAV-based approaches. An increasing number of authorities require the characterization of vector shedding in clinical trials.

The impact of microfluidics sperm processing on blastocyst euploidy rates compared with density gradient centrifugation: a sibling oocyte double-blinded prospective randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To compare the euploidy rates among blastocysts created from sibling oocytes injected with sperm and processed using microfluidics or density gradient centrifugation.

Design: Sibling oocyte randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Single university-affiliated infertility practice.

PADAPT 1.0 - the Pannonian Dataset of Plant Traits.

The existing plant trait databases' applicability is limited for studies dealing with the flora and vegetation of the eastern and central part of Europe and for large-scale comparisons across regions, mostly because their geographical data coverage is limited and they incorporate records from several different sources, often from regions with markedly different climatic conditions. These problems motivated the compilation of a regional dataset for the flora of the Pannonian region (Eastern Central Europe). PADAPT, the Pannonian Dataset of Plant Traits relies on regional data sources and collates data on 54 traits and attributes of the plant species of the Pannonian region.

Cellular surface plasmon resonance-based detection of anti-HPA-1a antibody glycosylation in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) can occur due to maternal IgG antibodies targeting platelet antigens, causing life-threatening bleeding in the neonate. However, the disease manifests itself in only a fraction of pregnancies, most commonly with anti-HPA-1a antibodies. We found that in particular, the core fucosylation in the IgG-Fc tail is highly variable in anti-HPA-1a IgG, which strongly influences the binding to leukocyte IgG-Fc receptors IIIa/b (FcγRIIIa/b).

Comparative analysis of spike-specific IgG Fc glycoprofiles elicited by adenoviral, mRNA, and protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

IgG antibodies are important mediators of vaccine-induced immunity through complement- and Fc receptor-dependent effector functions. Both are influenced by the composition of the conserved -linked glycan located in the IgG Fc domain. Here, we compared the anti-Spike (S) IgG1 Fc glycosylation profiles in response to mRNA, adenoviral, and protein-based COVID-19 vaccines by mass spectrometry (MS).

Clinical Implications of Discrepancy between One-Stage Clotting and Chromogenic Factor IX Activity in Hemophilia B.

Background:  Discrepancy in factor IX activity (FIX:C) between one-stage assay (OSA) and chromogenic substrate assay (CSA) in patients with hemophilia B (PwHB) introduces challenges for clinical management.

Aim:  To study the differences in FIX:C using OSA and CSA in moderate and mild hemophilia B (HB), their impact on classification of severity, and correlation with genotype.

Methods:  Single-center study including 21 genotyped and clinically characterized PwHB.

Single-pulse, reference-free, spatiotemporal characterization of ultrafast laser pulse beams via broadband ptychography.

Ultrafast laser pulse beams are four-dimensional, space-time phenomena that can exhibit complicated, coupled spatial and temporal profiles. Tailoring the spatiotemporal profile of an ultrafast pulse beam is necessary to optimize the focused intensity and to engineer exotic spatiotemporally shaped pulse beams. Here we demonstrate a single-pulse, reference-free spatiotemporal characterization technique based on two colocated synchronized measurements: (1) broadband single-shot ptychography and (2) single-shot frequency resolved optical gating.

A critical realist exploration of factors influencing engagement in diabetes prevention programs in rural settings.

Background: Diabetes prevention programs are intended to reduce progression to type 2 diabetes, but are underutilised. This study aimed to explore people with prediabetes' knowledge and attitudes about prediabetes, and their perceptions about engagement in preventive programs in a rural setting. The findings will inform strategies and recommendations to increase preventive health program engagement.

Loss of parkin causes endoplasmic reticulum calcium dyshomeostasis by upregulation of reticulocalbin 1.

Increasing evidence suggests that astrocytes play an important role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies on our parkin knockout mouse demonstrated a higher accumulation of damaged mitochondria in astrocytes than in surrounding dopaminergic (DA) neurons, suggesting that Parkin plays a crucial role regarding their interaction during PD pathogenesis. In the current study, we examined primary mesencephalic astrocytes and neurons in a direct co-culture system and discovered that the parkin deletion causes an impaired differentiation of mesencephalic neurons.

Critical realist exploration of long-term outcomes, impacts and skill development from an Australian Rural Research Capacity Building Programme: a qualitative study.

Objectives: Research capacity building programmes usually only examine short-term outcomes, following up participants after 1 or 2 years. Capacity building in health research requires a long-term view to understand the influence and impact of capacity building endeavours. This study examined long-term outcomes for individuals regarding the maintenance and use of research skills and the conduct of real-world research in a rural area.

Using an interactive nutrition technology platform to predict malnutrition risk.

Background: The Nutrition Dashboard is an interactive nutrition technology platform that displays food provision and intake data used to categorise the nutrition risk of hospitalised individuals. The present study aimed to investigate the Nutrition Dashboard's ability to identify malnutrition compared with a validated malnutrition screening tool (MST).

Methods: A retrospective observational study at a 99-bed hospital was conducted using medical record and food intake data presented via the Nutrition Dashboard.