Chemistry of Sugar Formation in the Gas Phase: Following the Activated Aldehyde.

Sugars are produced by living organisms, and are required building blocks for life as we know it, which raises the foundational question of how sugars formed in a prebiotic environment. The abiotic formose reaction produces sugars from formaldehyde, but our understanding of its initiation step remains murky, with chemists invoking the concept of an "activated aldehyde" to seed this reaction. Singlet hydroxycarbenes, high-energy isomers of aldehydes, were recently reported to facilitate sugar formation under cold, nonaqueous conditions relevant to interstellar environments.

Exploring the factors that influence engagement with and experiences of integrated care for adults at risk of cardiovascular disease and mild-to-moderate mental health concerns in the UK (OptICS): a systematic review protocol.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of premature death globally. CVD is expensive to treat and therefore carries a significant cost for public healthcare systems and the people in them. Those most likely to develop CVD often report co-occurring mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety, in addition to behavioural factors (e.

Prophylactic manual rotation of the fetal head (manual rotation alone) to reduce operative delivery and complications for mother and babies.

Rationale: Manual rotation of the fetal head for women with fetal malpresentation (occipital posterior (OP) or occipital transverse (OT)) is commonly performed to increase the chances of normal vaginal delivery and is perceived to be safe. Prophylactic manual rotation has the potential to prevent operative delivery and caesarean section, and reduce obstetric and neonatal complications. This review updates a previous 2014 Cochrane review.

Treatment and control of blood pressure in Welsh patients with and without depression: A study of whole-population electronic health records.

Background: To explore differences in blood pressure treatment and control in patients with and without depression and a diagnosis of hypertension (HTN). Also to examine the possible impact of sex, socio-economic status (deprivation) and location of residence on any differences.

Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study (2010-2019) using individual level linked anonymised routinely-collected electronic health record (EHR) data sources was carried out.

Mortality and hospital admissions in people with eating disorders: longitudinal cohort study in secondary care-linked English primary care records.

Background: Research on mortality and admissions for physical health problems across eating disorder diagnoses in representative settings is scarce. Inequalities in these outcomes across a range of sociodemographic characteristics have rarely been investigated.

Aims: We investigated whether people with eating disorders had greater all-cause mortality and physical health-related in-patient admissions compared with those without eating disorders, and whether associations varied by sex, ethnicity, deprivation, age and calendar year at diagnosis.

Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease.

Rationale: This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2007. Allergic disease and food allergy are prevalent, and contribute to a significant burden of disease on the individual, their family and the healthcare system. Probiotics are live bacteria that colonise the gastrointestinal tract, and have been studied in many clinical trials for preventing allergic conditions.

Characteristics of people with severe mental illness excluded from incentivised physical health checks in the UK: electronic healthcare record study.

Background: Physical health checks in primary care for people with severe mental illness ((SMI) defined as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and non-organic psychosis) aim to reduce health inequalities. Patients who decline or are deemed unsuitable for screening are removed from the denominator used to calculate incentivisation, termed exception reporting.

Aims: To describe the prevalence of, and patient characteristics associated with, exception reporting in patients with SMI.

Common mental disorders in young adults: temporal trends in primary care episodes and self-reported symptoms.

Background: Rates of common mental disorders (CMDs) including anxiety, depression and stress, treated in primary care have increased among young adults, but it is unclear if this reflects more help-seeking and/or an increase in symptoms, and if there are differences across sociodemographic groups.

Objective: This study examined trends in primary care-recorded CMD and self-reported psychological distress symptoms in young adults over time.

Methods: We used data from participants born between 1980 and 2003 in two datasets: UK primary care records and longitudinal cohort data.

Use of gabapentinoid treatment and the risk of self-harm: population based self-controlled case series study.

Objective: To estimate the effect of gabapentinoid treatment on self-harm.

Design: A population based self-controlled case series study.

Setting: UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum database linked to the Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics databases.

Co-prescription of metformin and antipsychotics in severe mental illness: a UK primary care cohort study.

Background: Metformin is a pharmacological candidate to mitigate second-generation antipsychotic (SGA)-induced weight gain in patients diagnosed with severe mental illnesses (SMI).

Objective: To determine the incidence, prevalence and demographic patterns of metformin co-prescription among patients diagnosed with SMI initiating SGAs. To estimate the impact of metformin co-prescription on weight over 2 years post-SGA initiation.

In-patient service use before and after a mental health in-patient rehabilitation admission.

Background: In-patient mental health rehabilitation services provide specialist treatment to people with complex psychosis. On average, rehabilitation admissions last around a year and usually follow several years of recurrent and often lengthy psychiatric hospital admissions.

Aims: To compare in-patient service use before and after an in-patient rehabilitation admission, using electronic patient healthcare records in one National Health Service Trust in London.

DIAMONDS-a diabetes self-management intervention for people with severe mental illness: protocol for an individually randomised controlled multicentre trial.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is two to three times more common in people with severe mental illness (SMI) than in the general population. Supporting self-management in diabetes is fundamental to improving clinical outcomes. The DIAMONDS trial aims to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of a novel, codesigned, supported diabetes self-management programme for people with T2DM and SMI.

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Male and Female Patients With and Without Depression: an Electronic Health Record Evaluation in Wales.

Aim: To investigate rates of cardiovascular risk factor assessment (blood pressure, lipid and QRISK score) in routine clinical practice for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with and without depression.

Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study using electronic health record data sources was carried out. Rates of blood pressure measurement, lipid checks and QRISK documentation in primary care were calculated for non-depressed, and patients prior and subsequent to depression diagnosis.

Developing an algorithm to identify individuals with psychosis in secondary care in England: application using the Mental Health Services Data Set.

Background: There is currently no definitive method for identifying individuals with psychosis in secondary care on a population-level using administrative healthcare data from England.

Aims: To develop various algorithms to identify individuals with psychosis in the Mental Health Services Data Set (MHSDS), guided by national estimates of the prevalence of psychosis.

Method: Using a combination of data elements in the MHSDS for financial years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 (mental health cluster (a way to describe and classify a group of individuals with similar characteristics), Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) scores, reason for referral, primary diagnosis, first-episode psychosis flag, early intervention in psychosis team flag), we developed 12 unique algorithms to detect individuals with psychosis seen in secondary care.

Targeted oxygenation in the respiratory care of premature infants at delivery-effects on outcome: a randomised controlled trial (Torpido 3060) study protocol.

Introduction: The safest oxygen levels needed for preterm infant respiratory support at birth are uncertain. We aimed to compare the outcomes of infants up to 28 weeks gestation who had respiratory care initiated at birth with fractional inspired oxygen (FiO) 0.3 or 0.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in people with severe mental illness: A systematic review protocol.

Background: People with severe mental illness (SMI) are more likely to develop long-term physical health conditions, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, compared to people without SMI. This contributes to an inequality in life expectancy known as the 'mortality gap'. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health concern set to be the 5th leading cause of life-years lost by 2040.

Comparative cardiometabolic safety and effectiveness of aripiprazole in people with severe mental illness: A target trial emulation.

Background: There is limited and conflicting evidence on the comparative cardiometabolic safety and effectiveness of aripiprazole in the management of severe mental illness. We investigated the hypothesis that aripiprazole has a favourable cardiometabolic profile, but similar effectiveness when compared to olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone.

Methods And Findings: We conducted an observational emulation of a head-to-head trial of aripiprazole versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in UK primary care using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Prevalence and patient characteristics associated with cardiovascular disease risk factor screening in UK primary care for people with severe mental illness: an electronic healthcare record study.

Background: People with severe mental illness (SMI) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and initiatives for CVD risk factor screening in the UK have not reduced disparities.

Objectives: To describe the annual screening prevalence for CVD risk factors in people with SMI from April 2000 to March 2018, and to identify factors associated with receiving no screening and regular screening.

Methods: We identified adults with a diagnosis of SMI (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or 'other psychosis') from UK primary care records in Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Diabetes complications in people with alcohol use disorder and type 2 diabetes.

Background: People living with alcohol use disorder (AUD) who develop type 2 diabetes (T2DM) may be at higher risk of diabetes complications.

Aim: Our aim was to compare diabetes monitoring and incidence of diabetes complications between people with and without AUD prior to T2DM diagnosis attending primary care in England.

Design & Setting: We used the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum linked with Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics mortality data.

Fluoroform (CHF) Production from CFCHO Photolysis and Implications for the Decomposition of Hydrofluoroolefins and Hydrochlorofluoroolefins in the Atmosphere.

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFOs) are the leading synthetic replacements for compounds successively banned by the Montreal Protocol and amendments. HFOs and HCFOs readily decompose in the atmosphere to form fluorinated carbonyls, including CFCHO in yields of up to 100%, which are then photolyzed. A long-standing issue, critical for the transition to safe industrial gases, is whether atmospheric decomposition of CFCHO yields any quantity of CHF (HFC-23), which is one of the most environmentally hazardous greenhouse gases.

Prescribing of antipsychotics for people diagnosed with severe mental illness in UK primary care 2000-2019: 20-year investigation of who receives treatment, with which agents and at what doses.

Background: Contemporary data relating to antipsychotic prescribing in UK primary care for patients diagnosed with severe mental illness (SMI) are lacking.

Aims: To describe contemporary patterns of antipsychotic prescribing in UK primary care for patients diagnosed with SMI.

Method: Cohort study of patients with an SMI diagnosis (i.

Defining Mental Health Conditions Within Primary Care Data: A Validation Study With a Mixed Qualitative and Quantitative Approach.

Objectives: To validate codelists for defining a range of mental health (MH) conditions with primary care data, using a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach and without requiring external data.

Methods: We validated Read codelists, selecting and classifying them in three steps. The qualitative step included an in-depth revision of the codes by six doctors.

Measures of social connectedness in adult populations: a systematic review.

Background: Poor social connectedness has been identified as a risk factor for poor mental health but there is a lack of standardisation in how it is measured. This systematic review aimed to identify suitable measures of social connectedness for use in UK adult general populations.

Methods: Searches were undertaken in two stages to identify: (1) measures of social connectedness from review articles and grey literature and (2) studies reporting on the psychometric properties of the identified measures.