Association of Hypoxemia Due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea With White Matter Hyperintensities and Temporal Lobe Changes in Older Adults.

Background And Objectives: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a leading cause of cognitive decline and functional loss in older adults. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in older adults, can increase cerebrovascular disease risk, and is linked to medial temporal lobe (MTL) degeneration and cognitive impairment. However, the interaction between OSA features and CSVD burden and their combined effect on MTL structure and function are not well understood.

A neuropathology case report of a woman with Down syndrome who remained cognitively stable: Implications for resilience to neuropathology.

Introduction: Aging adults with Down syndrome (DS) accumulate Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, by age 40.

Methods: We present findings from an individual with DS who remained cognitively stable despite AD neuropathology. Clinical assessments, fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, and neuropathological examinations were conducted to characterize her condition.

Adverse childhood experiences, brain function, and psychiatric diagnoses in a large adult clinical cohort.

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to higher rates of psychiatric disorders in adults. Previous neuroimaging studies with small samples have shown associations between ACEs and alterations in brain volume, connectivity, and blood flow. However, no study has explored these associations in a large clinical population to identify brain regions that may mediate the relationship between ACEs and psychiatric diagnoses.

Sex-Specific Effects of Early Life Unpredictability on Hippocampal and Amygdala Responses to Novelty in Adolescents.

Background: Unpredictable childhood experiences are an understudied form of early life adversity that impacts neurodevelopment in a sex-specific manner. The neurobiological processes by which exposure to early-life unpredictability impacts development and vulnerability to psychopathology remain poorly understood. The present study investigates the sex-specific consequences of early-life unpredictability on the limbic network, focusing on the hippocampus and the amygdala.

A pathway linking pulse pressure to dementia in adults with Down syndrome.

Adults with Down syndrome are less likely to have hypertension than neurotypical adults. However, whether blood pressure measures are associated with brain health and clinical outcomes in this population has not been studied in detail. Here, we assessed whether pulse pressure is associated with markers of cerebrovascular disease and is linked to a diagnosis of dementia in adults with Down syndrome via structural imaging markers of cerebrovascular disease and atrophy.

Neurofilament light chain concentration mediates the association between regional medial temporal lobe structure and memory in adults with Down syndrome.

Introduction: Virtually all people with Down syndrome (DS) develop neuropathology associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Atrophy of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC), as well as elevated plasma concentrations of neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein, are markers of neurodegeneration associated with late-onset AD. We hypothesized that hippocampus and EC gray matter loss and increased plasma NfL concentrations are associated with memory in adults with DS.

Pathways linking pulse pressure to dementia in adults with Down syndrome.

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are less likely to have hypertension than neurotypical adults. However, whether blood pressure measures are associated with brain health and clinical outcomes in this population has not been studied in detail. Here, we assessed whether pulse pressure is associated with markers of cerebrovascular disease, entorhinal cortical atrophy, and diagnosis of dementia in adults with DS.

Functional network structure supports resilience to memory deficits in cognitively normal older adults with amyloid-β pathology.

Older adults may harbor large amounts of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, yet still perform at age-normal levels on memory assessments. We tested whether functional brain networks confer resilience or compensatory mechanisms to support memory in the face of Aβ pathology. Sixty-five cognitively normal older adults received high-resolution resting state fMRI to assess functional networks, 18F-florbetapir-PET to measure Aβ, and a memory assessment.

NIDM-Terms: community-based terminology management for improved neuroimaging dataset descriptions and query.

The biomedical research community is motivated to share and reuse data from studies and projects by funding agencies and publishers. Effectively combining and reusing neuroimaging data from publicly available datasets, requires the capability to query across datasets in order to identify cohorts that match both neuroimaging and clinical/behavioral data criteria. Critical barriers to operationalizing such queries include, in part, the broad use of undefined study variables with limited or no annotations that make it difficult to understand the data available without significant interaction with the original authors.

Differential involvement of hippocampal subfields in the relationship between Alzheimer's pathology and memory interference in older adults.

Introduction: We tested whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology predicts memory deficits in non-demented older adults through its effects on medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregional volume.

Methods: Thirty-two, non-demented older adults with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (amyloid-beta [Aβ]/Aβ, phosphorylated tau [p-tau], total tau [t-tau]), positron emission tomography (PET; 18F-florbetapir), high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropsychological assessment were analyzed. We examined relationships between biomarkers and a highly granular measure of memory consolidation, retroactive interference (RI).

Reduced structural connectivity of the medial temporal lobe including the perforant path is associated with aging and verbal memory impairment.

The perforant path, the white matter bundle connecting the entorhinal cortex (ERC) with the hippocampal formation deteriorates with age-related cognitive decline. Previous investigations using diffusion-weighted MRI to quantify perforant path integrity in-vivo have been limited due to image resolution or have quantified the perforant path using methods susceptible to partial volume effects such as the tensor model and without consideration of its 3-dimensional morphology. In this investigation, we use quantitative-anisotropy informed tractography derived from ultra-high resolution diffusion imaging (ZOOMit) to investigate structural connectivity of the perforant path and other medial temporal lobe (MTL) pathways in older adults (63 to 98 years old, n = 51).

Entorhinal-Hippocampal Circuit Integrity Is Related to Mnemonic Discrimination and Amyloid-β Pathology in Older Adults.

Mnemonic discrimination, a cognitive process that relies on hippocampal pattern separation, is one of the first memory domains to decline in aging and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. We tested whether functional connectivity (FC) within the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit, measured with high-resolution resting state fMRI, is associated with mnemonic discrimination and amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in a sample of 64 cognitively normal human older adults (mean age, 71.3 ± 6.

Open and reproducible neuroimaging: From study inception to publication.

Empirical observations of how labs conduct research indicate that the adoption rate of open practices for transparent, reproducible, and collaborative science remains in its infancy. This is at odds with the overwhelming evidence for the necessity of these practices and their benefits for individual researchers, scientific progress, and society in general. To date, information required for implementing open science practices throughout the different steps of a research project is scattered among many different sources.

The Neuroimaging Data Model Linear Regression Tool (nidm_linreg): PyNIDM Project.

The Neuroimaging Data Model (NIDM) is a series of specifications for describing all aspects of the neuroimaging data lifecycle from raw data to analyses and provenance. NIDM uses community-driven terminologies along with unambiguous data dictionaries within a Resource Description Framework (RDF) document to describe data and metadata for integration and query. Data from different studies, using locally defined variable names, can be retrieved by linking them to higher-order concepts from established ontologies and terminologies.

Correction: Hom et al. Cognitive Function during the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome: Comparing Models. 2021, , 1220.

We would like to submit the following correction to our recently published paper [...

Hippocampal dentate gyrus integrity revealed with ultrahigh resolution diffusion imaging predicts memory performance in older adults.

Medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy is a core feature of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). While regional volumes and thickness are often used as a proxy for neurodegeneration, they lack the sensitivity to serve as an accurate diagnostic test and indicate advanced neurodegeneration. Here, we used a submillimeter resolution diffusion weighted MRI sequence (ZOOMit) to quantify microstructural properties of hippocampal subfields in older adults (63-98 years old) using tensor derived measures: fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD).

Joint-label fusion brain atlases for dementia research in Down syndrome.

Unlabelled: Research suggests a link between Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome (DS) and the overproduction of amyloid plaques. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) we can assess the in-vivo regional amyloid load using several available ligands. To measure amyloid distributions in specific brain regions, a brain atlas is used.

Selective Impairment of Long-Range Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity as a Biomarker for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease in People with Down Syndrome.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In neurotypical individuals, clinical AD is preceded by reduced resting state functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN), but it is unknown whether changes in DMN connectivity predict clinical onset of AD in DS.

Objective: Does lower DMN functional connectivity predict clinical onset of AD and cognitive decline in people with DS?

Methods: Resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI), longitudinal neuropsychological, and clinical assessment data were collected on 15 nondemented people with DS (mean age = 51.

Cognitive Function during the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome: Comparing Models.

Accurate identification of the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), in adults with Down syndrome (MCI-DS) has been challenging because there are no established diagnostic criteria that can be applied for people with lifelong intellectual disabilities (ID). As such, the sequence of cognitive decline in adults with DS has been difficult to ascertain, and it is possible that domain constructs characterizing cognitive function in neurotypical adults do not generalize to this high-risk population. The present study examined associations among multiple measures of cognitive function in adults with DS, either prior to or during the prodromal stage of AD to determine, through multiple statistical techniques, the measures that reflected the same underlying domains of processing.

Centering inclusivity in the design of online conferences-An OHBM-Open Science perspective.

As the global health crisis unfolded, many academic conferences moved online in 2020. This move has been hailed as a positive step towards inclusivity in its attenuation of economic, physical, and legal barriers and effectively enabled many individuals from groups that have traditionally been underrepresented to join and participate. A number of studies have outlined how moving online made it possible to gather a more global community and has increased opportunities for individuals with various constraints, e.

Aberrant Maturation of the Uncinate Fasciculus Follows Exposure to Unpredictable Patterns of Maternal Signals.

Across species, unpredictable patterns of maternal behavior are emerging as novel predictors of aberrant cognitive and emotional outcomes later in life. In animal models, exposure to unpredictable patterns of maternal behavior alters brain circuit maturation and cognitive and emotional outcomes. However, whether exposure to such signals in humans alters the development of brain pathways is unknown.