Distinct signaling mechanisms of constitutively active phytochromes A and B in regulating Arabidopsis seedling development.

Plant phytochromes are well-studied photoreceptors that sense red and far-red light, regulating photomorphogenic development. Molecular signaling mechanisms of phytochrome A (phyA) and phyB largely overlap, especially in regulation of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) and E3 ligase complexes composed of CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and SUPPRESSORs OF phyA-105 (SPAs). However, the differences in their molecular signaling mechanisms remain unclear.

SlH3 and SlH4 promote multicellular trichome formation and elongation by upregulating woolly in tomato.

Trichomes are tiny outgrowths on the plant epidermis that serve defensive purposes against various stresses. While the regulatory mechanisms underlying unicellular trichome development are well understood, those governing multicellular trichome formation remain largely unexplored. In this study, we reveal a new regulatory pathway involving the () and genes, which encode C2H2 zinc finger proteins that participate in multicellular trichome development in tomato ().

Phytochrome-interacting factors PIF4 and PIF5 directly regulate autophagy during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.

During leaf senescence, autophagy plays a critical role by removing damaged cellular components and participating in nutrient remobilization to sink organs. However, how AUTOPHAGY (ATG) genes are regulated during natural leaf senescence remains largely unknown. In this study, we attempted to identify upstream transcriptional regulator(s) of ATG genes and their molecular basis during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis through the combined analyses of promoter binding, autophagy flux, and genetic interactions.

ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 interacts with HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 to suppress glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are defensive secondary metabolites produced by Brassicaceae species in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The biosynthesis of GSL compounds and the expression of GSL-related genes are highly modulated by endogenous signals (i.e.

Leaky mutations in the zeaxanthin epoxidase in Capsicum annuum result in bright-red fruit containing a high amount of zeaxanthin.

Fruit color is one of the most important traits in peppers due to its esthetic value and nutritional benefits and is determined by carotenoid composition, resulting from diverse mutations of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. The EMS204 line, derived from an EMS mutant population, presents bright-red color, compared with the wild type Yuwolcho cultivar. HPLC analysis indicates that EMS204 fruit contains more zeaxanthin and less capsanthin and capsorubin than Yuwolcho.

Protein Kinase Activity of Phytochrome A Positively Correlates With Photoresponses in Arabidopsis.

Plant phytochromes are known as autophosphorylating serine/threonine protein kinases. However, the functional importance of their kinase activity is not fully elucidated. Previously, the kinase activity is shown to be necessary for the function of phytochrome A (AsphyA) using transgenic plants with mutants displaying reduced kinase activity, such as K411L and T418D.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis in an 18-year-old male with prolonged nephrotic syndrome.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disease characterized by prominent eosinophilic tissue infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report a case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in an 18-year-old patient with prolonged nephrotic syndrome who presented with abdominal pain and peripheral hypereosinophilia. During the previous 2 years, he had visited local Emergency Department several times because of epigastric pain and nausea.

Evaluation of new American Academy of Pediatrics guideline for febrile urinary tract infection.

Purpose: To evaluate the practical applications of the diagnosis algorithms recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics urinary tract infection (UTI) guideline.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of febrile UTI patients aged between 2 and 24 months. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I (patients with positive urine culture and urinalysis findings), group II (those with positive urine culture but negative urinalysis findings), and group III (those with negative urine culture but positive urinalysis findings).

Achalasia Previously Diagnosed as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease by Relying on Esophageal Impedance-pH Monitoring: Use of High-Resolution Esophageal Manometry in Children.

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) is the most common esophageal disorder in children. Achalasia occurs less commonly but has similar symptoms to GERD. A nine-year old boy presented with vomiting, heartburn, and nocturnal cough.