CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of eukaryotic elongation factor 1B gamma (eEF1Bγ) reduces Tobacco etch virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Tobacco etch virus accumulation declined in Nicotiana benthamiana eEF1Bγ gene-edited lines, suggesting that eEF1Bγ may be a host factor for this virus. Viruses use host factors to replicate and move from cell to cell. Therefore, the editing of genes encoding viral host factors that are not essential for plant survival enables the rapid development of plants with durable virus resistance.

Fine mapping of the Chilli veinal mottle virus resistance 4 (cvr4) gene in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

The single recessive Chilli veinal mottle virus resistance locus, cvr4, was fine-mapped in pepper through bulked segregant RNA sequencing combined with gene silencing analysis. Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is a widespread pathogen affecting the production of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in Asia and Africa.

Characterization of HZO Films Fabricated by Co-Plasma Atomic Layer Deposition for Ferroelectric Memory Applications.

Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a common method for fabricating HfZrO (HZO) ferroelectric thin films that can be performed using direct-plasma (DP) and remote-plasma (RP) methods. This study proposed co-plasma ALD (CPALD), where DPALD and RPALD are applied simultaneously. HZO films fabricated using this method showed wake-up-free polarization properties, no anti-ferroelectricity, and high fatigue endurance when DPALD and RPALD started simultaneously.

Enhancing Charge Trapping Performance of Hafnia Thin Films Using Sequential Plasma Atomic Layer Deposition.

We aimed to fabricate reliable memory devices using HfO, which is gaining attention as a charge-trapping layer material for next-generation NAND flash memory. To this end, a new atomic layer deposition process using sequential remote plasma (RP) and direct plasma (DP) was designed to create charge-trapping memory devices. Subsequently, the operational characteristics of the devices were analyzed based on the thickness ratio of thin films deposited using the sequential RP and DP processes.

Molecular mapping of the broad bean wilt virus 2 resistance locus bwvr in Capsicum annuum using BSR-seq.

Bulked segregant RNA seq of pools of pepper accessions that are susceptible or resistant to Broad bean wilt virus 2 identifies a gene that might confer resistance to this devastating pathogen. The single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) causes substantial damage to pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivation. Here, we describe mapping the BBWV2 resistance locus bwvr using a F recombinant inbred line (RIL) population constructed by crossing the BBWV2-resistant pepper accession 'SNU-C' with the susceptible pepper accession 'ECW30R.

Development of virus-induced genome editing methods in Solanaceous crops.

Genome editing (GE) using CRISPR/Cas systems has revolutionized plant mutagenesis. However, conventional transgene-mediated GE methods have limitations due to the time-consuming generation of stable transgenic lines expressing the Cas9/single guide RNA (sgRNA) module through tissue cultures. Virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) systems have been successfully employed in model plants, such as and spp In this study, we developed two VIGE methods for Solanaceous plants.

Leaky mutations in the zeaxanthin epoxidase in Capsicum annuum result in bright-red fruit containing a high amount of zeaxanthin.

Fruit color is one of the most important traits in peppers due to its esthetic value and nutritional benefits and is determined by carotenoid composition, resulting from diverse mutations of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. The EMS204 line, derived from an EMS mutant population, presents bright-red color, compared with the wild type Yuwolcho cultivar. HPLC analysis indicates that EMS204 fruit contains more zeaxanthin and less capsanthin and capsorubin than Yuwolcho.

Enhancing the Plasma-Resistance Properties of LiO-AlO-SiO Glasses for the Semiconductor Etch Process via Alkaline Earth Oxide Incorporation.

To develop plasma-resistant glass materials suitable for semiconductor etching processes, we introduced alkaline earth oxides (ROs) into a LiO-AlO-SiO (LAS) glass. Analysis of glass properties with respect to the additives revealed that among the analyzed materials, the LAS material in which LiO was partially replaced by MgO (MLAS) exhibited the most favorable characteristics, including a low dielectric constant (6.3) and thermal expansion coefficient (2.

Preparation of Remote Plasma Atomic Layer-Deposited HfO Thin Films with High Charge Trapping Densities and Their Application in Nonvolatile Memory Devices.

Optimization of equipment structure and process conditions is essential to obtain thin films with the required properties, such as film thickness, trapped charge density, leakage current, and memory characteristics, that ensure reliability of the corresponding device. In this study, we fabricated metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure capacitors using HfO thin films separately deposited by remote plasma (RP) atomic layer deposition (ALD) and direct-plasma (DP) ALD and determined the optimal process temperature by measuring the leakage current and breakdown strength as functions of process temperature. Additionally, we analyzed the effects of the plasma application method on the charge trapping properties of HfO thin films and properties of the interface between Si and HfO.

High-quality chromosome-scale genomes facilitate effective identification of large structural variations in hot and sweet peppers.

Pepper () is an important vegetable crop that has been subjected to intensive breeding, resulting in limited genetic diversity, especially for sweet peppers. Previous studies have reported pepper draft genome assemblies using short read sequencing, but their capture of the extent of large structural variants (SVs), such as presence-absence variants (PAVs), inversions, and copy-number variants (CNVs) in the complex pepper genome falls short. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of representative sweet and hot pepper accessions by long-read and/or linked-read methods and advanced scaffolding technologies.

Identification of CaAN3 as a fruit-specific regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum).

The novel gene CaAN3 encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates fruit-specific anthocyanin accumulation. The key regulatory gene CaAN2 encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in various tissues in pepper (Capsicum annuum). However, CaAN2 is not expressed in certain pepper accessions showing fruit-specific anthocyanin accumulation.

Genotyping-by-sequencing-based QTL mapping reveals novel loci for Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) resistance in Capsicum annuum.

Disease caused by Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) is one of the greatest threats to pepper (Capsicum spp.) cultivation in the tropics and subtropics. Resistance to PepYLCV was previously identified in a few Capsicum accessions, but no resistance QTLs have been mapped.

Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals Genetic Variation and Adaptive Evolution in the Pathogenicity-Related Genes of .

is an oomycete pathogen responsible for damping off, root rot, fruit rot, and foliar blight in popular vegetable and legume crops. The existence of distinct aggressiveness levels and physiological races among the population is a major constraint to developing resistant varieties of host crops. In the present study, we compared the genomes of three isolates with different aggressiveness levels to reveal their genomic differences.

A mutation in Zeaxanthin epoxidase contributes to orange coloration and alters carotenoid contents in pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum).

Phytoene synthase (PSY1), capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS), and pseudo-response regulator 2 (PRR2) are three major genes controlling fruit color in pepper (Capsicum spp.). However, the diversity of fruit color in pepper cannot be completely explained by these three genes.

Identification of the determinant of tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus infectivity in tomato.

Geminiviruses cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops, with the bipartite begomoviruses tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) and pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PYLCThV) major threats in Southeast Asia. To determine the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection, we constructed infectious clones of TYLCKaV and PYLCThV. Both constructs infected Nicotiana benthamiana, but only TYLCKaV could infect Solanum lycopersicum 'A39'.

Genome Editing of in Tomato Confers Resistance to Pepper Mottle Virus.

Many of the recessive virus-resistance genes in plants encode eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), including eIF4E, eIF4G, and related proteins. Notably, and its isoform are pivotal for viral infection and act as recessive resistance genes against various potyviruses in a wide range of plants. In this study, we used Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis to test whether novel sequence-specific mutations at in (tomato) cv.

Uncovering Candidate Genes Controlling Major Fruit-Related Traits in Pepper Genotype-by-Sequencing Based QTL Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study.

All modern pepper accessions are products of the domestication of wild species. However, due to the limited availability of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data and selection signatures for various traits, domestication-related genes have not been identified in pepper. Here, to address this problem, we obtained data for major fruit-related domestication traits (fruit length, width, weight, pericarp thickness, and fruit position) using a highly diverse panel of 351 pepper accessions representing the worldwide germplasm.

Development and Characterization of an Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Induced Mutant Population in L.

Plant breeding explores genetic diversity in useful traits to develop new, high-yielding, and improved cultivars. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical widely used to induce mutations at loci that regulate economically essential traits. Additionally, it can knock out genes, facilitating efforts to elucidate gene functions through the analysis of mutant phenotypes.

Physical Localization of the Root-Knot Nematode () Resistance Locus in Pepper ().

The root-knot nematode (RKN) severely reduces yields of pepper () worldwide. A single dominant locus, , conferring RKN resistance was previously mapped on the long arm of pepper chromosome P9. In the present study, the locus was fine mapped using an F population of 714 plants derived from a cross between the RKN-susceptible parent ECW30R and the RKN-resistant parent CM334.

A MYB transcription factor is a candidate to control pungency in Capsicum annuum.

Identification of a novel pungency-controlling gene Pun3, which acts as a master regulator of capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes in Capsicum annuum. Capsaicinoid is a unique compound that gives hot peppers (Capsicum spp.) their spicy taste.

Single-molecule real-time sequencing reveals diverse allelic variations in carotenoid biosynthetic genes in pepper (Capsicum spp.).

The diverse colours of mature pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruit result from the accumulation of different carotenoids. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well elucidated in Solanaceous plants, and analysis of candidate genes involved in this process has revealed variations in carotenoid biosynthetic genes in Capsicum spp.

A major QTL and candidate genes for capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pericarp of Capsicum chinense revealed using QTL-seq and RNA-seq.

A major QTL and candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in the pericarp were identified by QTL-seq and RNA-seq in Capsicum chinense. Capsaicinoid biosynthesis was previously thought to be restricted to the placental tissue; however, the recent discovery of their biosynthesis in the pericarp provides new opportunities to increase the capsaicinoid content in pepper fruits. Currently, the genetic mechanisms regulating capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pericarp remain unknown.

Identification of () That Confers Resistance to a New Isolate P1 (CMV-P1) in Pepper ( spp.).

(CMV) is one of the most devastating phytopathogens of . The single dominant resistance gene, (), that confers resistance to the CMV isolate P0 has been overcome by a new isolate (CMV-P1) after being deployed in pepper () breeding for over 20 years. A recently identified Indian cultivar, "Lam32," displays resistance to CMV-P1.