Effectiveness of Educational Interventions on Adolescent Knowledge and Practices for Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers are major global health concerns, disproportionately impacting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Adolescents in LMICs are particularly vulnerable due to urbanization, lifestyle changes, and limited preventive care access. This study evaluates the effectiveness of educational interventions in improving adolescents' knowledge, and behaviors, for NCD prevention in LMICs.

Characterization of Methyl- and Acetyl-Ni Intermediates in Acetyl CoA Synthase Formed during Anaerobic CO and CO Fixation.

The Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway is a unique biological mechanism of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide fixation proposed to operate through nickel-based organometallic intermediates. The most unusual steps in this metabolic cycle involve a complex of two distinct nickel-iron-sulfur proteins: CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS). Here, we describe the nickel-methyl and nickel-acetyl intermediates in ACS completing the characterization of all its proposed organometallic intermediates.

A New Reaction for Improved Calibration of EPR Rapid-Freeze Quench Times: Kinetics of Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetate (EDTA) Transfer from Calcium(II) to Copper(II).

The kinetics of the transfer of the chelate, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), from Calcium(II) to Copper(II) in imidazole (Im) buffers near neutral pH, corresponding to the conversion, [Cu(II)Im]→ [Cu(II)EDTA], are characterized with stopped-flow absorption spectroscopy and implemented as a tool for calibrating the interval between mixing and freezing, the freeze-quench time ( ), of a rapid freeze-quench (RFQ) apparatus. The kinetics of this reaction are characterized by monitoring changes in UV-visible spectra (300 nm) due to changes in the charge-transfer band associated with the Cu ions upon EDTA binding. Stopped-flow measurements show that the rates of conversion of the Cu ions exhibit exponential kinetics on millisecond time scales at pH values less than 6.

Radical SAM Enzyme Spore Photoproduct Lyase: Properties of the Ω Organometallic Intermediate and Identification of Stable Protein Radicals Formed during Substrate-Free Turnover.

Spore photoproduct lyase is a radical -adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme with the unusual property that addition of SAM to the [4Fe-4S] enzyme absent substrate results in rapid electron transfer to SAM with accompanying homolytic S-C5' bond cleavage. Herein, we demonstrate that this unusual reaction forms the organometallic intermediate Ω in which the unique Fe atom of the [4Fe-4S] cluster is bound to C5' of the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'-dAdo). During catalysis, homolytic cleavage of the Fe-C5' bond liberates 5'-dAdo for reaction with substrate, but here, we use Ω formation without substrate to determine the thermal stability of Ω.

C Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy Shows Acetyl-CoA Synthase Binds Two Substrate CO in Multiple Binding Modes and Reveals the Importance of a CO-Binding "Alcove".

EPR and Electron Nuclear Double Resonance spectroscopies here characterize CO binding to the active-site A cluster of wild-type (WT) Acetyl-CoA Synthase (ACS) and two variants, F229W and F229A. The A-cluster binds CO to a proximal Ni (Ni) that bridges a [4Fe-4S] cluster and a distal Ni. An alcove seen in the ACS crystal structure near the A-cluster, defined by hydrophobic residues including F229, forms a cage surrounding a Xe mimic of CO.

Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Radical SAM Enzyme Generates an -Adenosylmethionine Derived Methyl Radical.

Radical SAM (RS) enzymes use -adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) and a [4Fe-4S] cluster to initiate a broad spectrum of radical transformations throughout all kingdoms of life. We report here that low-temperature photoinduced electron transfer from the [4Fe-4S] cluster to bound SAM in the active site of the hydrogenase maturase RS enzyme, HydG, results in specific homolytic cleavage of the S-CH bond of SAM, rather than the S-C5' bond as in the enzyme-catalyzed (thermal) HydG reaction. This result is in stark contrast to a recent report in which photoinduced ET in the RS enzyme pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme cleaved the S-C5' bond to generate a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, and provides the first direct evidence for homolytic S-CH bond cleavage in a RS enzyme.

Anion Effects in Oxidative Aliphatic Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage Reactions of Cu(II) Chlorodiketonate Complexes.

Aliphatic oxidative carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions involving Cu(II) catalysts and O2 as the terminal oxidant are of significant current interest. However, little is currently known regarding how the nature of the Cu(II) catalyst, including the anions present, influence the reaction with O2. In previous work, we found that exposure of the Cu(II) chlorodiketonate complex [(6-Ph2TPA)Cu(PhC(O)CClC(O)Ph)]ClO4 (1) to O2 results in oxidative aliphatic carbon-carbon bond cleavage within the diketonate unit, leading to the formation of benzoic acid, benzoic anhydride, benzil, and 1,3-diphenylpropanedione as organic products.

Stainless steel versus titanium volar multi-axial locking plates for fixation of distal radius fractures: a randomised clinical trial.

Background: Distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures seen in the hospital emergency department. Of these, over 40% are considered unstable and require some form of fixation. In recent years with the advent of low profile plating, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using volar plates has become the surgical treatment of choice in many hospitals.