Risk analysis approaches for microbial ingredients in microbial-based cleaning products.

Microbial-based cleaning products (MBCPs) are an emerging class of cleaning products that contain viable microorganisms, often bacteria or bacterial endospores, as intentionally added formulation ingredients for cleaning and/or odor control. Although several well-established methodologies exist to support risk analysis for conventional chemical-based cleaning products, at present there are no widely recognized methods or commonly utilized frameworks to support risk analysis for use of microbial ingredients present in MBCPs, specifically. The purpose of this work is to provide information to MBCP manufacturers and regulators that can be used to assist in developing their own approaches to MBCP risk assessment.

Oceanic SACZ produces an abnormally wet 2021/2022 rainy season in South America.

The oceanic South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) has played a major role during South America's 2021/2022 summer extreme rainy season, being responsible for more than 90% of the precipitation in some regions of Southeast Brazil and in some regions of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA). The summer of 2021/2022 was unique and rare and considered an abnormally humid season as verified by official Brazilian Institutes. First, the unusual number of cases of SACZ episodes (seven), was the highest recorded in the last decade.

Oceanic eddy-induced modifications to air-sea heat and CO fluxes in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence.

Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies caused by a warm core eddy (WCE) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) rendered a crucial influence on modifying the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). During the first cruise to support the Antarctic Modeling and Observation System (ATMOS) project, a WCE that was shed from the Brazil Current was sampled. Apart from traditional meteorological measurements, we used the Eddy Covariance method to directly measure the ocean-atmosphere sensible heat, latent heat, momentum, and carbon dioxide (CO) fluxes.

Cortical and Subcortical Control of Swallowing-Can We Use Information From Lesion Locations to Improve Diagnosis and Treatment for Patients With Stroke?

Purpose Swallowing is a complex process, mediated by a broad bilateral neural network that spans from the brainstem to subcortical and cortical brain structures. Although the cortex's role in swallowing was historically neglected, we now understand, especially through clinical observations and research of patients with stroke, that it substantially contributes to swallowing control. Neuroimaging techniques (e.

Physical drivers of the summer 2019 North Pacific marine heatwave.

Summer 2019 observations show a rapid resurgence of the Blob-like warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that produced devastating marine impacts in the Northeast Pacific during winter 2013/2014. Unlike the original Blob, Blob 2.0 peaked in the summer, a season when little is known about the physical drivers of such events.

Predictability of US West Coast Ocean Temperatures is not solely due to ENSO.

The causes of the extreme and persistent warming in the Northeast Pacific from the winter of 2013/14 to that of 2014/15 are still not fully understood. While global warming may have contributed, natural influences may also have played a role. El Niño events are often implicated in anomalously warm conditions along the US West Coast (USWC).

Mesoscale ocean fronts enhance carbon export due to gravitational sinking and subduction.

Enhanced vertical carbon transport (gravitational sinking and subduction) at mesoscale ocean fronts may explain the demonstrated imbalance of new production and sinking particle export in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Based on flux assessments from U:Th disequilibrium and sediment traps, we found 2 to 3 times higher rates of gravitational particle export near a deep-water front (305 mg C⋅m⋅d) compared with adjacent water or to mean (nonfrontal) regional conditions. Elevated particle flux at the front was mechanistically linked to Fe-stressed diatoms and high mesozooplankton fecal pellet production.

Novel 3-dimensional analysis to evaluate temporomandibular joint space and shape.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to present and validate a novel semiautomated method for 3-dimensional evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) space and condylar and articular shapes using cone-beam computed tomographic data.

Methods: The protocol for 3-dimensional analysis with the Checkpoint software (Stratovan, Davis, Calif) was established by analyzing cone-beam computed tomographic images of 14 TMJs representing a range of TMJ shape variations. Upon establishment of the novel method, analysis of 5 TMJs was further repeated by several investigators to assess the reliability of the analysis.

Correlation of Airway Volume With Orthognathic Surgical Movement Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

Purpose: Orthognathic surgery can induce changes in airway volume. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation of surgical movement of the maxilla or mandible to airway volume changes.

Materials And Methods: This was a prospective cohort study and the sample was composed of patients undergoing single-jaw orthognathic procedures from 2004 through 2007.

Cone-beam computed tomographic comparison of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion and multipiece Le Fort I osteotomy.

Purpose: To examine and compare the skeletal and dental effects of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) and multipiece Le Fort osteotomy using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials And Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Patients underwent SARPE or multipiece Le Fort I osteotomy to address maxillary transverse deficiency.

Three-dimensional longitudinal changes in craniofacial growth in untreated hemifacial microsomia patients with cone-beam computed tomography.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concept that the affected and contralateral sides do not grow at the same rate in patients with hemifacial microsomia. Changes in the cranial base, maxilla, mandible, and occlusal plane were evaluated on 3-dimensional images from cone-beam computed tomography data in untreated patients.

Methods: Six patients were classified as having mandibular Pruzansky/Kaban type I, IIA, or IIB hemifacial microsomia.

Coral reef habitat response to climate change scenarios.

Coral reef ecosystems are threatened by both climate change and direct anthropogenic stress. Climate change will alter the physico-chemical environment that reefs currently occupy, leaving only limited regions that are conducive to reef habitation. Identifying these regions early may aid conservation efforts and inform decisions to transplant particular coral species or groups.

Predicting tooth-size discrepancy: A new formula utilizing revised landmarks and 3-dimensional laser scanning technology.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to develop a more accurate formula to forecast tooth-size discrepancies in patients based on not only the size of the whole teeth but also functional arch components derived from normal cusp-fossa interdigitation that should be obtained as the final treatment goal.

Methods: A total of 141 dental casts from Dr Larry Andrews' collection of "normal occlusions" that never received orthodontic treatment were scanned with an Ortho Insight 3D Laser Scanner (Motion View Software, Chattanooga, Tenn). Individual tooth sizes and portions of tooth sizes were measured with the Motion View Software.

Climatic control of upwelling variability along the western North-American coast.

The high biological production of the California Current System (CCS) results from the seasonal development of equatorward alongshore winds that drive coastal upwelling. While several climatic fluctuation patterns influence the dynamics and biological productivity of the CCS, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO) and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), the mechanisms of interaction between climatic oscillations and the CCS upwelling dynamics have remained obscure. Here, we use Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) to reveal, for the first time, low-frequency concordance between the time series of climatic indices and upwelling intensity along the coast of western North America.

Three-dimensional analysis of the airway with cone-beam computed tomography.

Introduction: In this study, using a cone-beam computed tomography system, we evaluated the airways of 30 adults.

Methods: The shapes of the 3-dimensional volume of the airway were analyzed and compared among the subjects by using surface superimposition software techniques.

Results: The airway had the greatest variability in the hypopharynx, in the region below the epiglottis, and above the vocal folds.

Student-led courses to teach cone beam CT in the predoctoral dental curriculum.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides a new method to evaluate the craniofacial region. The goal of our project was to introduce into the predoctoral dental curriculum a student-initiated, student-led introduction to CBCT and how to use it, with minimal expenditure of financial resources. A third-year student worked with two faculty members to design a course in which a small number of third-year students would lead a small group of second-year students.

Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery.

Purpose: The purpose of the present prospective study was to develop a 3-dimensional analysis of the airway using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine whether changes in the airway before and after orthognathic surgery correlate on 2-dimensional lateral cephalogram and 3-dimensional CBCT images.

Materials And Methods: Patients requiring orthognathic surgery during 2004 to 2005 were recruited for the present study. Lateral cephalograms and CBCT scans were obtained at 3 points: preoperatively, within 1 month postoperatively, and after 6 months postoperatively.

Cross-sectional human mandibular morphology as assessed in vivo by cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different vertical facial dimensions.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to look at mandibular cortical bone in live patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to determine differences in cortical plate thicknesses and mandibular cross-sectional height and width in patients with different vertical facial dimensions.

Methods: A total of 111 scanned patients were used. Of these subjects, 43 were included in the average vertical facial dimension group (average face), 34 in the high vertical facial group (long face), and 34 in the low vertical facial group (square short face).

Sensory input pathways and mechanisms in swallowing: a review.

Over the past 20 years, research on the physiology of swallowing has confirmed that the oropharyngeal swallowing process can be modulated, both volitionally and in response to different sensory stimuli. In this review we identify what is known regarding the sensory pathways and mechanisms that are now thought to influence swallowing motor control and evoke its response. By synthesizing the current state of research evidence and knowledge, we identify continuing gaps in our knowledge of these mechanisms and pose questions for future research.

A comparison of simulated jaw dynamics in models of segmental mandibular resection versus resection with alloplastic reconstruction.

Statement Of Problem: Composite mandibular resection resulting in mandibular discontinuity can alter jaw motion, occlusal forces, and mastication, whether or not the jaw is reconstructed. The biomechanical events associated with these changes are difficult to assess clinically and, therefore, are not well documented or researched.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to model movements of a mandible with a discontinuity defect, and to compare them to movements of a mandible with its continuity restored by alloplastic reconstruction.

Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a quantitative review of prospective epidemiologic studies.

A tremendous amount of scientific interest has been generated regarding processed meat consumption and cancer risk. Therefore, to estimate the association between processed meat intake and colorectal cancer (CRC), a meta-analysis of prospective studies was conducted. Twenty-eight prospective studies of processed meat and CRC were identified, of which 20 represented independent nonoverlapping study populations.

Comparative analysis of traditional radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography volumetric images in the diagnosis and treatment planning of maxillary impacted canines.

Introduction: In this prospective study, we compared differences in the diagnosis and treatment planning of impacted maxillary canines between 2 imaging modalities.

Methods: Twenty-five consecutive impacted maxillary canines were identified from the pool of patients seeking orthodontic treatment. The first set of radiographs consisted of traditional 2-dimensional (2D) images including panoramic, occlusal, and 2 periapical radiographs.

Evaluating the mandible with cone-beam computed tomography.

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to examine methods for assessing the shape and growth of the mandible 3 dimensionally. Furthermore, 1 method was defined and applied.

Methods: Thirty mandibles were assessed.

Evaluation of the human airway using cone-beam computerized tomography.

Objective: The goal of this project was to define and measure human airway space with radiographic volumetric 3-dimensional imaging and digital reconstruction of the pharynx using cone-beam computerized tomography.

Study Design: This was a randomized retrospective study. Ten patient scans were selected randomly from a pool of 196 subjects seeking dental treatment at the University of California, San Francisco.