County-level socioeconomic status, rurality, and second primary cancer risk among breast cancer survivors in the United States.

Background: Breast cancer survivors have an increased risk of second primary cancers (SPCs), the role of county-level socioeconomic status and rurality-factors that may influence access to treatment, surveillance, and preventive care-remains understudied.

Methods: We identified 721,957 women with localized/regional first primary breast cancer who survived ≥ 1 year in 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries (2000-2018). We used Cox regression to assess associations between county-level median household income (proxy for socioeconomic status), rurality, and their joint effects on invasive SPC risk, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors.

The multi-dimensional role of cancer epidemiology in cancer prevention: discovery science and beyond.

The pivotal role of epidemiology in the identification of the causes of cancer is well recognised. However, after this identification the translation of those findings into cancer prevention typically requires further epidemiological research. The role of cancer epidemiology in these next steps and other aspects of cancer prevention, is perhaps, less well appreciated.

U.S. cancer deaths prevented due to survival improvements stratified by extent of disease, 2010-2019.

Background: Progress against cancer mortality has been driven by primary prevention, early detection, and cancer treatment. We estimated the number of cancer deaths that were avoided due to stage-specific improvements in cancer survival among patients diagnosed in 2010-2019 followed through 2020.

Methods: We utilized cancer incidence data from 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registries during 2004-2019.

Space Oncology: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.

Space exploration exposes astronauts to unique conditions such as microgravity and space radiation, potentially influencing gene expression and triggering carcinogenesis. Paradoxically, these extreme environments could uncover other pro-treatment aspects of cancer biology. Despite numerous reviews addressing these aspects in isolation, a comprehensive synthesis of the effects of space stressors on cancer development is incomplete.

Hormone therapy use and young-onset breast cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts included in the Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group.

Background: Oestrogen plus progestin hormone therapy is an established risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. We examined the less well-studied association between exogenous hormones and breast cancer in young women, who might use hormone therapy after gynaecological surgery or to relieve perimenopausal symptoms.

Methods: In this pooled cohort analysis, we investigated the relationship between exogenous hormones and breast cancer in young women using data from 10-13 prospective cohorts from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Adiposity Status Close to Diagnosis and Its Association with Prostate Cancer Survival in the UK Biobank.

Unlabelled: Substantial evidence links higher adiposity to prostate cancer development. The relationship between adiposity and outcomes after a prostate cancer diagnosis, however, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between adiposity measured close to prostate cancer diagnosis and all-cause and prostate cancer-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study.

County-Level Factors and Mortality Among Pacific Islander Compared With Asian American Adults.

Importance: Interactions between race and county-level factors associated with mortality, such as employment, education, income, and population density, are understudied among Asian American and Pacific Islander populations.

Objective: To compare all-cause, cancer, and heart disease mortality rates between Pacific Islander and Asian American adults across county-level factors.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study examined National Center for Health Statistics death certificate data on non-Hispanic Asian American and Pacific Islander adults (aged 20-84 years) between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020.

Examining bias due to method of follow-up for cancer incidence in a large U.S. cohort: Self-report versus registry linkage.

Background: Cancer incidence follow-up of many U.S. cohort studies relies on self-report due to the lack of a national cancer registry.

Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Early-Onset and Older-Onset Age Groups in the United States, 2010-2019.

Unlabelled: We estimated age-standardized cancer incidence (2010-2019) and mortality rates (2010-2022) in the United States to investigate whether cancer rates have increased at younger ages. Fourteen cancers had incidence rates that increased in at least one early-onset age group (i.e.

Development and validation of a risk prediction model for premenopausal breast cancer in 19 cohorts.

Background: Incidence of premenopausal breast cancer (BC) has risen in recent years, though most existing BC prediction models are not generalizable to young women due to underrepresentation of this age group in model development.

Methods: Using questionnaire-based data from 19 prospective studies harmonized within the Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (PBCCG), representing 783,830 women, we developed a premenopausal BC risk prediction model. The data were split into training (2/3) and validation (1/3) datasets with equal distribution of cohorts in each.

Projected Lifetime Cancer Risks From Current Computed Tomography Imaging.

Importance: Approximately 93 million computed tomography (CT) examinations are performed on 62 million patients annually in the United States, and ionizing radiation from CT is a known carcinogen.

Objective: To project the number of future lifetime cancers in the US population associated with CT imaging in 2023.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This risk model used a multicenter sample of CT examinations prospectively assembled between January 2018 and December 2020 from the University of California San Francisco International CT Dose Registry.

Associations of self-identified race and ethnicity and genetic ancestry with mortality among cancer survivors.

Self-identified race and ethnicity (SIRE) and genetic ancestry (GA) are potentially associated with disparities in health outcomes; however, independent effects of SIRE and GA on mortality in cancer survivors including when adjusting for multiple risk factors are understudied. Among 23,445 cancer survivors in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial, SIRE was associated with mortality among prostate, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and breast cancer survivors; GA was associated with mortality among prostate, colorectal, and breast cancer survivors. Associations were strong when adjusting for age at cancer diagnosis, sex, and tumor characteristics, but attenuated when adjusting for individual-level factors and population-level socioeconomic status.

Hot beverage intake and oesophageal cancer in the UK Biobank: prospective cohort study.

Background: Drinking maté, a type of tea consumed at a very hot temperature in South America has been considered as a risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods: We assessed daily intake and preferred temperature of hot beverages (tea and coffee) in relation to incident ESCC (n = 242) and adenocarcinoma (EAC; n = 710) among 454,796 adults in the UK Biobank. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.

Polygenic score distribution differences across European ancestry populations: implications for breast cancer risk prediction.

Background: The 313-variant polygenic risk score (PRS) provides a promising tool for clinical breast cancer risk prediction. However, evaluation of the PRS across different European populations which could influence risk estimation has not been performed.

Methods: We explored the distribution of PRS across European populations using genotype data from 94,072 females without breast cancer diagnosis, of European-ancestry from 21 countries participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) and 223,316 females without breast cancer diagnosis from the UK Biobank.

Endocrine therapy initiation among women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ from 2001 to 2018.

Purpose: Trials demonstrating benefits of tamoxifen for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were published > 20 years ago; yet subsequent uptake of endocrine therapy was low. We estimated endocrine therapy initiation in women with DCIS between 2001 and 2018 in a community setting, reflecting more recent years of diagnosis than previous studies.

Methods: This retrospective cohort included adult females ≥ 20 years diagnosed with first primary DCIS between 2001 and 2018, followed through 2019, and enrolled in one of three U.

A Historical Survey of Key Epidemiological Studies of Ionizing Radiation Exposure.

In this article we review the history of key epidemiological studies of populations exposed to ionizing radiation. We highlight historical and recent findings regarding radiation-associated risks for incidence and mortality of cancer and non-cancer outcomes with emphasis on study design and methods of exposure assessment and dose estimation along with brief consideration of sources of bias for a few of the more important studies. We examine the findings from the epidemiological studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, persons exposed to radiation for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, those exposed to environmental sources including Chornobyl and other reactor accidents, and occupationally exposed cohorts.

Age-Specific Cancer Mortality in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020.

Background: It is important to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer death rates in 2020 in the US. We estimated whether there were larger-than-expected changes in cancer mortality rates from March to December 2020 after accounting for temporal and seasonal patterns using data from January 2011 to February 2020 by cancer type and age.

Methods: We obtained death counts and underlying causes of death by cancer type, month/year (2011-2020), and age group from the National Center for Health Statistics and population estimates from the US Census Bureau.