Correction: Serial casting for contractures in SMA: consensus derived guidelines for treatment.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Functional Composite Score Revised (SMA-FCR) in Untreated and Nusinersen-Treated Patient Cohorts.

Background And Objectives: The Spinal Muscular Atrophy Functional Composite (SMA-FC) combines scores from the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE), Upper Limb Module (ULM), and Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) into a single score and removes the floor and ceiling effects of the HFMSE. Our objective was to evaluate a revised version of the SMA-FC (SMA-FCR) by including the Revised ULM (RULM) in untreated and nusinersen-treated SMA.

Methods: We included participants with HFMSE, RULM, and 6MWT data at the same visit.

Longitudinal Assessment of 4-Year HFMSE Changes in SMA II and III Patients Treated With Nusinersen.

Background: The aim of this international retrospective study was to assess 4-year change using the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) in individuals with type II and III spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) treated with nusinersen and to establish predictors of HFMSE changes.

Methods: Individuals with type II or III SMA, and at least 4 years of nusinersen-only treatment were included. All were assessed using the HFMSE.

Serial casting for contractures in SMA: consensus derived guidelines for treatment.

Background: Individuals with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) often present with muscle contractures. Serial casting has been used in a variety of other peripheral nerve, muscle, and central nervous system disorders to improve knee and ankle range of motion limitations and functional performance in both ambulatory and non-ambulatory individuals.

Objective: The goal of this study was to reach a consensus about the parameters, considerations and general guidelines that should inform practice when serial casting to improve flexibility in individuals with SMA.

Upper limb function changes over 12 months in untreated SMA II and III individuals: an item-level analysis using the Revised Upper Limb Module.

The Revised upper limb module (RULM) has been increasingly used in clinical trials and in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to use the 'shift analysis' to assess the patterns of lost or gained abilities for each item on the RULM in an untreated cohort, stratified by SMA type, age, SMN2 copy number, and motor functional status. The analysis was performed on 222 12-month paired assessments from 129 individuals (115 assessment from type II and 107 from type III) who had at least two assessments at yearly intervals.

Changes in abilities over the initial 12 months of nusinersen treatment for type II SMA.

Several studies have shown the efficacy of new disease-modifying therapies in slowing down type II SMA progression using the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE). This research aims to enhance understanding of activity changes across age groups post-nusinersen treatment using shift analysis, compared with untreated individuals. Retrospective data from the, international SMA consortium (iSMAc) dataset were analyzed, assessing individual item changes over 12 months.

Nonverbal Cognitive Skills in Children With Aicardi Goutières Syndrome.

Background And Objectives: Aicardi Goutières syndrome (AGS) is type I interferonopathy characterized by severe neurologic impairment. Although many children with AGS demonstrate motor and expressive language deficits, the magnitude of receptive language impairment is uncharacterized. We sought to characterize cognitive function in AGS-affected children using assessment tools with reduced dependence on motor abilities and compare cognitive testing outcomes with overall severity and parental assessment of adaptive behavior.

Disease Trajectories in the Revised Hammersmith Scale in a Cohort of Untreated Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy types 2 and 3.

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder characterised by progressive motor function decline. Motor function is assessed using several functional outcome measures including the Revised Hammersmith Scale (RHS).

Objective: In this study, we present longitudinal trajectories for the RHS in an international cohort of 149 untreated paediatric SMA 2 and 3 patients (across 531 assessments collected between March 2015 and July 2019).

Nusinersen Treatment of Children with Later-Onset Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Scoliosis Is Associated with Improvements or Stabilization of Motor Function.

Nusinersen has been shown to improve or stabilize motor function in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). We evaluated baseline scoliosis severity and motor function in nusinersen-treated non-ambulatory children with later-onset SMA. Post hoc analyses were conducted on 95 children initiating nusinersen treatment in the CHERISH study or SHINE long-term extension trial.

Exploration of Gross Motor Function in Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome.

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a spectrum of motor abilities. While the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome severity score favors severely impacted individuals, there is an unmet need to define tools measuring function across the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome spectrum as potential outcome assessments for future clinical trials. Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) and AGS Severity Scale were administered in individuals affected by Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (n = 71).

Psychometric evaluation of modified spinal muscular atrophy functional rating scale (SMAFRS) in adult patients using Rasch analysis.

Introduction/aims: The Spinal Muscular Atrophy Functional Rating Scale (SMAFRS) was first developed as a secondary functional outcome measure to detect changes over time in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in clinical trials. Its modified version evaluates 10 activities of daily living. The aim of the study was to analyze modified SMAFRS data using item response theory psychometric models.

Development of a Mitochondrial Myopathy-Composite Assessment Tool.

Background: 'Mitochondrial Myopathy' (MM) refers to genetically-confirmed Primary Mitochondrial Disease (PMD) that predominantly impairs skeletal muscle function. Validated outcome measures encompassing core MM domains of muscle weakness, muscle fatigue, imbalance, impaired dexterity, and exercise intolerance do not exist. The goal of this study was to validate clinically-meaningful, quantitative outcome measures specific to MM.

Revised upper limb module in type II and III spinal muscular atrophy: 24-month changes.

The aim of the study was to establish 24-month changes in a large cohort of type II and III spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients assessed with the Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), a tool specifically developed to assess upper limb function in SMA. We included 107 patients (54 type II and 53 type III) with at least 24-months follow up. The overall RULM 24-month changes showed a mean decline of -0.

Reliability of the Telemedicine Application of the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 in Patients With Leukodystrophy.

Background: Leukodystrophies are a rare class of disorders characterized by severe neuromotor disability. There is a strong need for research regarding the functional status of people with leukodystrophy which is limited by the need for in-person assessments of mobility. The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability of the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) using telemedicine compared with standard in-person assessments in patients with leukodystrophy.

MLIP causes recessive myopathy with rhabdomyolysis, myalgia and baseline elevated serum creatine kinase.

Striated muscle needs to maintain cellular homeostasis in adaptation to increases in physiological and metabolic demands. Failure to do so can result in rhabdomyolysis. The identification of novel genetic conditions associated with rhabdomyolysis helps to shed light on hitherto unrecognized homeostatic mechanisms.

Nusinersen Treatment in Adults With Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Objective: To determine changes in motor and respiratory function after treatment with nusinersen in adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) during the first two years of commercial availability in the USA.

Methods: Data were collected prospectively on adult (age >17 years at treatment initiation) SMA participants in the Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research (PNCR) Network. Baseline assessments of SMA outcomes including the Expanded Hammersmith Functional Rating Scale (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) occurred <5 months before treatment, and post-treatment assessments were made up to 24 months after nusinersen initation.

Different trajectories in upper limb and gross motor function in spinal muscular atrophy.

Introduction: The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) and the Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM) have been widely used in natural history studies and clinical trials. Our aim was to establish how the scales relate to each other at different age points in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 2 and 3, and to describe their coherence over 12 mo.

Methods: The study was performed by cross-sectional and longitudinal reanalysis of previously published natural history data.

Psychometric properties of the PEDI-CAT for children and youth with spinal muscular atrophy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT) in children and youth with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA).

Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, caregivers of children and youth with SMA completed the PEDI-CAT Daily Activities and Mobility domains. A subset of caregivers completed a questionnaire about the measure.

Nusinersen in pediatric and adult patients with type III spinal muscular atrophy.

Objective: We report longitudinal data from 144 type III SMA pediatric and adult patients treated with nusinersen as part of an international effort.

Methods: Patients were assessed using Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) with a mean follow-up of 1.83 years after nusinersen treatment.

Age related treatment effect in type II Spinal Muscular Atrophy pediatric patients treated with nusinersen.

Previous natural history studies suggest that type II SMA patients remain stable over one year but show some progression over two years. Since nusinersen approval, there has been increasing attention to identify more specific age-related changes. The aim of the study was to establish 12-month changes in a cohort of pediatric type II SMA treated with nusinersen and to establish possible patterns of treatment effect in relation to different variables such as age, baseline value and SMN2 copy number.