Most Roads Lead to Cushing: Mapping Neurosurgical Training Lineages in the United States.

Objective: Mentorship and training relationships shape the careers and influence of neurosurgeons. Network analysis can reveal structural characteristics and key individuals who support network connectivity and drive the field's development. This endeavor analyzed the US-based neurosurgical training network derived from NeurosurGen.

Associations between mid-life social relationships and the risk of incident dementia: The ARIC study.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess whether mid-life social relationships are associated with a lower risk of late-life dementia.

Methods: Participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study were assessed for social support and isolation (Visit 2;1990-1992). A composite measure, "social relationships," was generated.

Implementation Barriers and Facilitators in a Pilot Long-Acting HIV Treatment Intervention for Trans Women Living with HIV in San Francisco.

Little is known about long-acting HIV treatment implementation with trans women. We piloted and evaluated the implementation of novel strategies to increase uptake and use of long-acting HIV treatment among trans women in San Francisco. In 2022, qualitative formative nominal groups ( = 8) and in-depth interviews with providers ( = 11) were conducted to elicit facilitators and barriers to long-acting HIV treatment delivery among trans women living with HIV and to inform a pilot delivery model.

CROI 2025: global epidemiology and prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

At the 2025 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), investigators presented updates on the global HIV epidemic. Although new HIV infections have been declining globally, new infections are expanding in Eastern Europe and central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America. HIV incidence remains high among key populations and their partners.

Developing a Novel Mobile App to Support HIV Testing and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Formative and Technical Pilot Study.

Background: Young sexual minority men (YSMM) are disproportionately impacted by HIV in the United States. HIV or sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing rates and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake are low in this priority population. Novel strategies are needed to increase access to HIV and STI prevention services among YSMM.

Programmable Cargo Release from Jet-Printed Microgel Particles via an In Situ Ionic Exchange Method.

Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems hold significant clinical potential by enabling precise spatial and temporal control over therapeutic release, ranging from metabolites, macromolecules to other cellular and subcellular constructs. However, achieving programmable release of payloads with diverse molecular weights at distinct rates typically requires complex polymer designs that can compromise the accessibility and biocompatibility of the delivery system. We present a scalable method for producing injectable, micrometer-scale alginate hydrogel particles (microgels) with precisely tuned microstructures for multiplexed, programmable cargo release.

Interest in Long-Acting Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Men at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Who Use Methamphetamine Participating in a Daily, Oral PrEP Adherence Trial in San Francisco, California.

Background: Methamphetamine use is associated with increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suboptimal adherence to daily, oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Long-acting PrEP is a promising HIV prevention method for people who use methamphetamine.

Methods: We conducted interviews with participants of a daily, oral PrEP adherence trial at their final visit.

Correlated Lattice Fluctuations in CsPbBr Quantum Dots Give Rise to Long-Lived Electronic Coherence.

Electronic coherence is central to numerous areas of science, from quantum biology to quantum materials. In quantum materials, lead-halide perovskite (LHP) quantum dots (QDs) have been shown to support electronic coherence through observation of coherent single-photon emission and superfluorescence arising from spatial coherence at low temperatures. In contrast, direct measurement of temporal coherence between exciton states has been lacking.

Digitalized organoids: integrated pipeline for high-speed 3D analysis of organoid structures using multilevel segmentation and cellular topology.

Organoids replicate tissue architecture and function and offer a unique opportunity to explore the impact of external perturbations in vitro. However, conducting large-scale screening procedures to investigate the effects of various stresses on cellular morphology and topology in these systems poses important challenges, including limitations in high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and accessible 3D analysis platforms. In this study, we introduce an AI-based multilevel segmentation and cellular topology pipeline for screening morphology and topology modifications in 3D cell culture at both the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels, as well as at the whole-organoid scale.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Demand Creation: Overlooked Populations and Opportunities to Move Forward.

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention has been available since 2012, but uptake remains disappointing and inequitable. Furthermore, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to increase PrEP demand among priority populations in the United States. The objectives of this article were to describe how consumer perceptions of PrEP vary by distinct population groups and identify gaps in PrEP awareness, knowledge, and interest.

Innovation in Providing Equitable Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services in the United States: Expanding Access in Nontraditional Settings.

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) usage has slowly increased in the United States, but significant disparities persist across race, ethnicity, sex, gender, age, and geography. Determinants of PrEP inequities include stigma and medical mistrust, lack of patient-centered services, lack of access to clinical care, and organizational resistance to change-within a health care system that neglects these barriers.

Methods: We describe 5 implementation strategies to providing PrEP in nontraditional settings to underserved populations, using an equity-based approach to address key structural determinants.

Language Justice in Implementation Science: Experiences Working With Latinxs to End the HIV Epidemic.

HIV continues to affect populations made socially vulnerable, including Latinx groups. For Spanish-speaking people, there are additional social factors that increase their vulnerability. How we communicate, mainly language, is fundamental to achieving expected outcomes when implementing health interventions.

Identifying Health Services Preferences for a Community-Based HIV Status-Neutral Mobile Clinic Among Marginalized Populations in Oakland, CA: A Maximum-Difference Analysis.

Leveraging patient preferences can improve patient satisfaction and engagement in intentional health services. We explored desired health services preferences of marginalized populations accessing HIV-related care engagement to inform the implementation of an HIV prevention and treatment mobile clinic model. We conducted a maximum-difference survey with 154 people at community events and homeless encampments in Oakland, CA.

The Evolution of Pediatric Spine Surgery: A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications From 1902 to 2023.

Background And Objectives: Pediatric spine surgery has evolved considerably over the past century. No previous study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the corpus of pediatric spine surgery. We used big data and advanced bibliometric analyses to evaluate trends in the progression of pediatric spine surgery as a distinct field since the beginning of the 20th century.

Valley-Mediated Singlet- and Triplet-Polaron Interactions and Quantum Dynamics in a Doped WSe_{2} Monolayer.

In doped transition metal dichalcogenides, optically created excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) can strongly interact with a Fermi sea of electrons to form Fermi polaron quasiparticles. When there are two distinct Fermi seas, as is the case in WSe_{2}, there are two flavors of lowest-energy (attractive) polarons-singlet and triplet-where the exciton is coupled to the Fermi sea in the same or opposite valley, respectively. Using two-dimensional coherent electronic spectroscopy, we analyze how their quantum decoherence evolves with doping density and determine the condition under which stable Fermi polarons form.

The Effects of MyChoices and LYNX Mobile Apps on HIV Testing and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use by Young US Sexual Minority Men: Results From a National Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Young sexual minority men have among the highest rates of HIV in the United States; yet, the use of evidence-based prevention strategies, including routine HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), remains low. Mobile apps have enormous potential to increase HIV testing and PrEP use among young sexual minority men.

Objective: This study aims to assess the efficacy of 2 theory- and community-informed mobile apps-LYNX (APT Mobility) and MyChoices (Keymind)-to improve HIV testing and PrEP initiation among young sexual minority men.

Excitation-dependent features and artifacts in 2-D terahertz spectroscopy.

Recently, two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy (2DTS) has attracted increasing attention for studying complex solids. A number of recent studies have applied 2DTS either with long pulses or away from any material resonances, situations that yield unconventional 2DTS spectra that are often difficult to interpret. Here, we clarify the generic origins of observed spectral features by examining 2DTS spectra of ZnTe, a model system with a featureless optical susceptibility at low terahertz frequencies.

High Retention and Adherence With Rapid Long-acting Injectable Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation in an Urban Safety Net Clinic Population.

In a low-barrier, long-acting preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program in a safety net setting, permitting same-day or next-day initiation, 85% of injections were on time, and 6-month retention was 83%, surpassing outcomes from most previously reported oral PrEP studies. With drop-in, wraparound services, similar retention among housing-insecure populations was seen. Long-acting PrEP expansion is urgently needed.

Ethylene oxide graft copolymers reduce the immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles.

Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)/mRNA complexes have great therapeutic potential but their PEG chains can induce the production of anti-PEG antibodies. New LNPs that do not contain PEG are greatly needed. We demonstrate here that poly-glutamic acid-ethylene oxide graft copolymers can replace the PEG on LNPs and outperform PEG-LNPs after chronic administration.

Acceptability of an automated directly observed therapy (DOT) application for PrEP adherence support among young men who have sex with men: a qualitative exploration.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence remains a challenge among young men who have sex with men (MSM). We developed and tested a smartphone application ("app"), "DOT Diary", which combines automated directly observed therapy (DOT) with information about PrEP protection levels, pill-taking reminders, a sexual behavior diary, and a PrEP dosing calendar. To contextualize trial results, we qualitatively explored participants' app experiences.